Mbarara University of Science and Technology Institutional Repository (MUST-IR)

MUST-IR preserves research output from the MUST Community

Communities in MUST-IR

Select a community to browse its collections.

Now showing 1 - 10 of 10

Annual Research Dissemination Conference 3
Central Administration 124
This community will contain collections from the general Administrative staff
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology 54
Faculty of Business and Management Sciences 105
Faculty of Computing and Informatics 135
Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies 207
Faculty of Medicine 2188
Faculty of Science 529
Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation 125
Maternal Newborn and Child Health Institute 18

Recent Submissions

20th ANNUAL RESEARCH DISSEMINATION CONFERENCE (ARDC) 2025
(MUST, 2025) Mbarara University of Science and Technology
9th PHD Symposium
(MUST, 2024) Mbarara University of Science and Technology
10th PHD Symposium
(MUST, 2025) Mbarara University of Science and Technology
Strengthening Professional Skills in Engineering Internships: A University-Industry Approach from Uganda with Global Relevance
(In 2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, 2025) Irene Magara; Vicent Rutagangibwa; Thomas E. Marlin
This empirical research paper is a full paper that explores the effectiveness of a pre-internship training program in developing essential professional skills, including communication, technical report writing, and problem-solving, for engineering students at Mbarara University of Science and Technology located in the western region of Uganda in Africa. A one-week training program focusing on communication, technical report writing, and problem-solving was implemented with an intervention group, while a control group did not receive the training. Quantitative analysis involved Shapiro-Wilk and Levene’s tests for normality and homogeneity of variance respectively, followed by paired and independent t-tests to evaluate the impact of the intervention on students' professional skills. The results demonstrated significant improvements in communication and report writing skills, while problem-solving skills showed modest gains. Qualitative feedback highlighted the importance of further refining the training content, extending industrial internship durations, and encouraging companies to increase the number of internship placements for students to ensure greater exposure to real-world professional environments. This study provides valuable insights for enhancing engineering education, particularly in resource-limited contexts, and offers actionable recommendations for improving professional skill development among engineering students.
HRP2 and PLDH Performance Comparison as Rapid Diagnostic Tools for Symptomatic Malaria Patients at Rugazi HC IV in Rubirizi District
(International Internal Medicine Journal, 2025) Nakavuma Anitah; Musau Immanuel Afrika; Lumu Hassan; Atimaaku Palma Rose; Ankunda Evalyne; Agaba Bosco; Okongo Benson; Kalyetsi Rogers; Ssendyabane Frank; Muwanguzi Enock; Charles Nkubi Bagenda; Simon Peter Rugera
Background: Rapid and precise laboratory diagnosis is essential for effectively diagnosing and managing malaria patients. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) play a critical role in malaria diagnosis in resource-constrained settings with limited access to labs and trained staff. The efficiency of two mRDTs (HRP2 and pLDH) was compared against microscopy, the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, in this study. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 308 participants were tested for malaria parasites using twomRDTs and blood smear microscopy as the gold standard. STATA software version 17 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of the 308 participants, 82 tested positive for HRP2 mRDT (26.62% (95% CI: 21.97-31.86) positivity rate, 73.38% (95% CI: 68.14-78.83) negativity rate), and 99 tested positive for pLDH mRDT (32.14% (95% CI: 27.14-37.59) positivity rate, 67.86% (95% CI: 62.41-72.86) negativity rate). Using microscopy as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were determined. For HRP2 mRDT, sensitivity was 77.78% (95%CI: 73.13-82.42), specificity 97.61% (95%CI: 95.90 - 99.31), PPV 93.90% (95%CI: 91.23 – 96.56), and NPV 90.27% (95%CI: 86.96-93.58). For pLDH mRDT, the sensitivity was 94.95% (95% CI: 92.50-97.40), specificity was 97.61% (95% CI: 95.90-99.31), PPV was 94.95% (95% CI: 92.50 – 97.40), and NPV was 97.61% (95% CI: 95.90 - 99.31). The dominant malaria species was Plasmodium falciparum (74.7%), followed by Plasmodium vivax (12.1%) and Plasmodium ovale (1%). Mixed infections of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax (7.1%) and plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium ovale (5.1%) were also observed. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the positivity rate, negativity rate, specificity or PPV in both mRDTs. However, a significant difference in the NPV and sensitivity of HRP2 and pLDH mRDTs was observed where HRP2’s sensitivity was below the WHO recommendation of ≥95% in this study population; thus, there is a need to improve the sensitivity of this mRDT kit. In our study, most malaria infections were caused by Plasmodium falciparum, followed by P. vivax and P. ovale. We therefore recommend the use of pLDH mRDTs over HRP2 mRDTs based on the results of our study.
Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a significant predictor of metabolic syndrome among people on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy: A cross-sectional study in southwestern Uganda
(Journal of International Medical Research, 2025) Charles Nkubi Bagenda; Carol Nantongo; Elastus Ssemwanga; Michael Junior Mugisa; Samuel Ojuko; Fred Sempijja; Daniel Nzaramba; Ritah Kiconco; Frank Ssedyabane; Benson Musinguzi; Winnie Akiteng; Deusdedit Tusubira; Lawrence Obado Osuwat; Simon Peter Rugera
Objective: The total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the association between total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and metabolic syndrome among people living with human immunodeficiency virus on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in southwestern Uganda. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data obtained from a cross-sectional study of 377 adults who had been on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy for at least 1 year at Ruhoko Health Centre IV, southwestern Uganda. Results: The median total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was significantly higher in individuals with metabolic syndrome (3.92) than in those without (2.96, p < 0.001). A statistically significant association was observed between high total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratios: 2.06, 95% confidence interval: 1.08–3.91, p ¼ 0.028). The total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio at an optimal cutoff of 3.30 had a significant ability (area under the curve ¼ 0.696, 95% confidence interval: 0.642–0.750) to differentiate participants with metabolic syndrome from those without at a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 60%. Conclusion: The total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a significant predictor of metabolic syndrome and serves as a potential blood-based biomarker.
Prevalence and associated factors of human leishmaniasis in Amudat district, Uganda
(The Journal of Protozoology Research, 2024) Ojuko Samuel; Byarugaba Frederick; Ssedyabane Frank; Kalyetsi Rogers
Leishmaniasis is endemic in Uganda and most commonly found in the remote areas of the Karamoja sub-region. Despite efforts put in by the government and other non-governmental organizations in the fight against human leishmaniasis, the disease remains one of the major health challenges in the Karamoja sub-region, where Amudat district is inclusive, with no leishmaniasis burden and associated factors clearly understood. Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of leishmaniasis and its associated factors among patients receiving healthcare services in Amudat district healthcare facilities. STATA software version 14 was used for descriptive data analysis and Ashur’s scale to assess participants’ knowledge. A total of 200 study participants were purposively sampled and recruited from 10 health facilities in Amudat district. Of the 200 capillary blood samples collected from the participants and screened for leishmaniasis, 18 tested positive by serology (rK39), and only 11 were confirmed positive by bone marrow microscopy, giving a leishmaniasis prevalence of 5.5% (11/200), with males being the most affected at 4.0% (8/200) and females at 1.5% (3/200). The low level of disease awareness and livestock grazing in sandfly-infested areas are associated with the widespread spread of leishmaniasis. Information regarding community knowledge levels on transmission and prevention is crucial for disease control, as human leishmaniasis is a public health concern, particularly in Amudat district.
Human intestinal schistosomiasis and associated factors among children aged 5–15 years in Buyende district, eastern Uganda
(The Journal of Protozoology Research, 2024) Kalyetsi Rogers; Kisawuzi Ivan; Tumwine Eria; Tumwine Angella; Nakabuye Ruth; Nanteza Immaculate; Muwanguzi Enoch; Ssedyabane Frank; Kisiriko Christine; Buga Rudolf
Schistosomiasis infection is one of the neglected tropical diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality in Uganda. A cross-sectional study in Uganda aimed to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis and its associated factors in children aged five to fifteen. Three hundred forty-eight (348) study participants were recruited, and data was collected using a questionnaire. Stool samples were collected for macroscopic and smear microscopy examinations. The data was analyzed using Excel and SPSS. A chi-square test performed to establish factors associated with Schistosomiasis, Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study participants consisted of schoolchildren between 5 and 15 years old; the majority, 71.5% (249/348), were in the 5–10 age group, and most of the respondents were female, 54.3% (189/348), with a mean age of 8.86. Out of 348 specimens examined, 52 had Schistosoma mansoni eggs, giving a prevalence of 15% (52/348). Being at school (P-value 0.03), children whose parents or guardians were farmers (P-value 0.005), a lake as a source of water for home use (P-value 0.01), lack of pit latrines (P-value 0.02), and footwear utilization (P-value 0.001) were the factors that were associated with intestinal human schistosomiasis. Intestinal human schistosomiasis is a non-ending health challenge among school going children, as indicated by its high prevalence. There is a need to enhance the current control and preventive measures through health education and improved sanitation, the provision of reliable and safe water sources, and encouraging the use of footwear for all school-going children in the study area.
Increased proportion of “other hrHPV” genotypes other than 16 and 18/45 among women attending ART clinic in Northern Uganda☆
(Gynecologic Oncology Reports, 2025) Frank Ssedyabane; Lugemwa Yvonne; Kamama Fahima; Komakech Simon; Ojosia Lawrence; Ebong James; Kadhumbula Silvester; Wasswa Hassan
Introduction: Cervical cancer, caused by persistent infection with High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (hrHPV) disproportionately affects women living with HIV, moreover with low HPV vaccination coverage and inadequate screening. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence, genotype distribution, and associated factors for hrHPV among women living with HIV, receiving antiretroviral therapy at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital (GRRH). Methods: From August to October of 2024, a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was carried out at GRRH. We enrolled 346 women living with HIV through convenient sampling. Cervical swab specimens were collected and analyzed for hrHPV genotypes using the CEPHIED GeneXpert HPV assay Model type GX XVI 16 serial number 846215. STATA version 14 was used to analyze quantitative data, and associations were tested using logistic regression considering p values of <0.05 as statistically significant. Findings: Overall, 29.5 % (95 % CI: 24–34 %) of participants had hrHPV. The most prevalent category of HPV genotype was “Other hrHPV” (31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) (75.2 %) while HPV 18/45 and HPV 16 had prevalence of 15.7 % and 9.1 % respectively. Being professionally employed was significantly associated with reduced odds of hrHPV infection (aOR = 0.293, p = 0.037). Although not statistically significant, individuals who were unemployed showed higher odds of hrHPV infection (aOR = 1.779, p = 0.086). Also longer ART duration (61 ≤ months) was associated with reduced odds of hrHPV infection (aOR = 0.512, p = 0.074). Infrequent alcohol consumption appeared associated with increased odds of hrHPV infection, particularly among non-drinkers (aOR = 5.193, p = 0.059) and rare drinkers (aOR = 5.321, p = 0.058). Conclusion: Women on ART at Gulu RRH, Gulu district, had an elevated prevalence of hrHPV especially those HPV genotypes categorized as “Other hrHPV”. Unemployment was associated with increased odds of hrHPV among the study participants. This calls for extended HPV genotyping during screening and customization of HPV vaccination to cover all HPV genotypes.
Red Cell Alloimmunization Among Transfused Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Hospital-Based Study in Southwestern Uganda
(Journal of Blood Medicine, 2025) Elizabeth A John; Enoch Muwanguzi; Robert Wagubi; Simon Peter Rugera; Charles Nkubi Bagenda; Rose Muhindo; Benson Okongo
Purpose: This study determined the prevalence, types of red cell alloantibodies and factors associated with red cell alloimmunization among transfused patients with CKD at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 141 consented, transfused patients with CKD from March to May 2025. Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Four millilitres of EDTA anticoagulated blood were collected and tested for ABO/Rh blood group, direct antihuman globulin test, and red cell alloantibodies screening and identification by using the Echo Lumena machine (Immucor USA). Data were analyzed using STATA version 17. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with alloimmunization, and a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 141 patients with CKD, 97 (67.8%) were male, and the mean age was 54.4 ± 17.12. The overall prevalence of red cell alloimmunization was 10 (7.1%). A total of 4 study patients were alloimmunized with a single type of antibody; 2 had multiple antibodies, while 4 had undetermined types. Anti-K was the commonest identified alloantibody. Blood group A had significantly lower odd of alloimmunization (aOR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.0005–0.229, p = 0.004), similar to blood group O (aOR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.0007–0.163, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study reveals a slightly higher prevalence of red cell alloimmunization compared to global prevalence, with Anti-K being the most frequent antibody. Only ABO blood group was significantly associated with red cell alloimmunization. Therefore, more studies are needed to evaluate the complex nature of this phenomenon.
Depression among pregnant teenagers receiving antenatal care from primary healthcare facilities in Mbarara city, Southwestern Uganda
(BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2025) Moses Muwanguzi; Sarah Oworinawe; Derrick Mwahuzi; Pavey Lila; Scholastic Ashaba
Background: Depression is a serious mental health condition whose risk is highest among women during pregnancy. The risk is high among pregnant teenagers due to intertwined developmental, hormone-mediated physical and psychosocial changes of pregnancy, with significant negative impacts on the unborn baby and the mother. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and associated factors among pregnant teenagers in Mbarara city, southwestern Uganda. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study where we enrolled pregnant teenagers (13–19 years) attending antenatal care at 4 selected lower healthcare facilities in Mbarara City southwestern Uganda. We collected information on depression, resilience, social support and household food insecurity. Depression was defined as a score>10on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Resilience was assessed using the 14-item Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, Multi-dimensional Scale of perceived social support (MDSPSS) assessed perceived social support, and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) assessed food insecurity in addition to sociodemographic variables. We run logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with depression. Results: A total of 373 participants were recruited; median age was 19 (IQR: 18–19) years, 59% attained primary level education. The prevalence of depression was 35.9% (95% CI: 31.1% to 41.0%). Factors significantly associated with depression were current alcohol use (aOR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.18 – 3.32, p=0.010), and food insecurity (aOR=2.24, 95% CI: 1.25 – 4.01, p=0.006). Factors that reduced the odds of depression included resilience (aOR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.91 – 0.97, p=0.001) and family social support (aOR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.88 – 0.99, p=0.031). Conclusions and recommendations: In this study the prevalence of depression among pregnant teenagers was significantly high. Mental health services should be integrated in the antenatal care clinics to address the mental health needs of pregnant teenagers. We recommend further studies to explore the lived experiences focusing on the challenges and further understanding of their coping strategies and other possible confounders of depression. In addition, longitudinal studies should be conducted to establish the temporal relationships between the different factors related to depression to support intervention studies that promote the mental health of young mothers.
Decision to delivery interval and predictors for delayed decision to delivery interval among women delivering by emergency caesarean section at a tertiary hospital, Southwestern Uganda: a prospective cohort study
(BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2025) Julius Businge; Stuart Turanzomwe; Mathiang Agany Akol; Caxton Kakama; Rogers Kajabwangu; Michael Kanyesigye; Henry Mark Lugobe; Musa Kayondo; Joseph Ngonzi; Onesmus Byamukama
Background: Emergency caesarean section (EMCS) is a life-saving procedure carried out with urgency appropriate to the risk posed to the safety of baby and/or the mother. A decision to delivery interval (DDI) is the time from making the decision for cesarean section to delivery of the neonate. Delayed DDI can result in adverse obstetric outcomes and is thus an indicator of poor quality obstetric care. This study aimed to determine the decision to delivery interval and predictors for delayed decision to delivery interval among women delivering by emergency caesarean section at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in South western Uganda. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study on women delivering by emergency caesarean section. Women with category I or II indications as per the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines were consecutively enrolled from December 2023 to March 2024. Delayed DDI was defined as DDI interval>75 min. We performed a modified Poisson regression analysis to determine predictors for delayed DDI. Results: A total of 504 participants were enrolled. The mean age of the respondents was 26.4 (±5.25) years. Majority 453 (89.9%) were married, 282 (56.0%) unemployed and 271 (53.8%) had been referred in. Overall median decision to delivery interval was 167.5 min. The proportion of women with delayed DDI was 77.2% (95% CI: 73.3–80.8). Predictors for delayed DDI were prior caesarean delivery (aRR 1.15, 95%CI:1.02–1.28), need for stabilisation before surgery (aRR 1.15, 95%CI: 1.01–1.39), need to buy sundries (aRR 1.76, 95%CI: 1.20–2.57), Lack of prior communication to the theatre team (aRR 1.14, 95%CI: 1.03–1.25), unavailability of theatre operating room (aRR 1.23, 95%CI: 1.14–1.32), unavailability of sterile linen (aRR 1.18, 95%CI: 1.03–1.35) and unavailability of anaesthesia provider (aRR 1.40, 95%CI: 1.26–1.55). Conclusion: Majority of the women at MRRH experience delayed DDI and it takes about 3 h to have an EMCS. Women with a prior caesarean section, those who require stabilization before surgery, the need to buy sundries, the lack of operating room, and lack of prior communication to the theatre team, sterile linen and anaesthesia provider are predictors for delayed DDI. We recommend mobilization of resources to address these health system gaps.
Leveraging digital technologies to reduce cancer disparities in low-income and middle-income countries
(The Lancet Digital Health, 2025) Judy W Gichoya; Rogers Mwavu; Frank Minja; Nadi Kaonga; Saptarshi Purkayastha; Janice Newsome
In a rural clinic in southwestern Uganda, Dr Sarah examines cervical images on her smartphone, receiving real-time artificial intelligence-powered guidance from a gynaecologic oncologist located hundreds of miles away. Once imaginary, this scenario now represents a highly probable future of digital health innovation transforming cancer care globally. With over 35 million new cases of cancer estimated by 2050, and up to 70% of deaths anticipated to disproportionately occur in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), digital solutions can be leveraged to accelerate the closure of these cancer care gaps. The global oncology community has responded to this imminent crisis by proposing several interventions, including promoting workforce education, mentorship, and task shifting; supporting early diagnosis and referrals through integrated diagnostics; prioritising and implementing prevention strategies such as tobacco cessation, cervical cancer screening, and vaccination; standardising and personalising treatment through increased participation in clinical trials and provision of essential cancer medications; and strengthening health-care systems. Across all these strategic pillars, digital health tools are crucial for advancing cancer care and narrowing existing global and geographical disparities in LMICs. In this Series paper, we evaluate the current status of these digital innovations in the context of cancer care.
Chemical Profiling and Geographic Differentiation of Ugandan Propolis by GC-MS Through Chemometric Modelling
(Molecules, 2025-11-16) Ivan Kahwa; Leonard Kaysser; Rapheal Wangalwa; Susan Billig; Jonans Tusiimire; Claudia Wiesner
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees, and its long-known bioactivity urged research on its exact composition on active ingredients. It was suggested that chemical composition reflects the botanical sources and environmental conditions of its origin; however, information on differences related to geographical origin is still incomplete. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise the volatile and semi-volatile chemical constituents of Ugandan propolis from nine agro-ecological zones using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and derivatisation-based GC-MS, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. In total, 213 volatile and 169 non-volatile compounds were tentatively identified, including monoterpenes (α-pinene), sesquiterpenes (α-copaene), triterpenoids (β-amyrin acetate), diterpene resin acids (abietic acid), phenolic acids (caffeic acid), alkylresorcinols (bilobol) and many others. Multivariate chemometric modelling using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal PLSDA (oPLS-DA) showed strong geographic discrimination of samples (Q2 > 0.90) for several district comparisons. Heatmap clustering and variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified chemical markers. Notably, oPLS-DA revealed excellent discrimination between Nakasongola and Bushenyi, and between Adjumani and Bushenyi, in both volatile and non-volatile datasets. The findings provide the first comprehensive chemical profiling of Ugandan propolis, demonstrating the utility of combined GC-MS approaches and multivariate analysis for regional differentiation. This work lays the groundwork for standardising propolis preparations and establishing appropriate quality control in pharmacological applications.
Missed Appointments and Associated Factors Among Children Accessing Anti-Retroviral Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Western Uganda
(HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care, 2025) Timothy Nduhukire; Ismail Abiola Adebayo; Rachel Luwaga; Immaculate Mandela; Agnes Napyo; Herbert Ainamani; Victor Musiime
Background: Disruptions to the health sector in Uganda during the COVID 19 pandemic affected health services in the early phases of the pandemic. Not much data exists on their effect on these same services during the later stages of the pandemic especially for children. To fill this gap, we set out to study missed appointments and their associated factors during the lockdown for children receiving Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study from January 2022 to May 2022. We included all children aged 0–15 and adolescents aged 15–19 years who were on ART. Electronic Medical Records (EMR) for the participants in the last 12 months were extracted. Descriptive statistics are presented. Binary logistic regression was performed, and odds ratios were reported. Results: Out of the 382 participants, 26 (6.8%) missed appointments during the study period. The likelihood of missing appointments was increased when drugs were given to last 4 months than when they were given to last one month (COR 3.207, P value 0.026, 95% CI 1.150–8.943). Patients were also more likely to miss appointments if their mode of receiving drugs was Facility based group (COR 3.174, P = 0.043, 95% CI 1.037–9.713). Not having a viral load in the last 12 months increased the likelihood of missing an appointment (COR 2.309, P = 0.049, CI 1.004–5.306). Conclusion: A drug refill of 4 months and being scheduled to receive drugs by Facility-based group model predisposed the participants to missing the next appointment. Home- or community-based ART delivery to clients as well as drug prescriptions for a longer period could reduce missed appointments. Timely viral load testing should be encouraged as it correlates with adherence to appointments. More research is needed on the safety, storage practices and efficacy of ART given to last more than 2 months.
Teachers’ Preparedness for Effective Implementation of the Lower Secondary Competence-Based Curriculum in Rukungiri District, Southwestern Uganda
(Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education, 2025) Gladyce Kachope; Viola N. Nyakato; Adrian Mwesigye
The Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) at Uganda's lower secondary school level depends significantly on teachers' preparedness. This study explored the relationship between teachers’ preparedness and the practical implementation of the CBC in Rukungiri District. Adopting a convergent parallel mixed methods design, the research engaged 235 in-service teachers through structured questionnaires and conducted key informant interviews with 13 head teachers. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics in Stata 17, while thematic analysis of qualitative data was conducted using NVivo 14. Findings revealed that while teachers reported high levels of perceived preparedness, particularly in classroom management, inclusivity, and learner-centred instruction, substantial gaps were evident in training adequacy, assessment practices, and ICT integration. Qualitative insights reinforced the importance of administrative support, peer collaboration, and resource provision as critical enablers of effective CBC delivery. The study underscores the need for continuous professional development and targeted resource allocation to bridge the preparedness gap. These findings contribute to curriculum implementation theory by affirming that teacher readiness, when holistically supported, is pivotal to transformative educational reform.
Prevalence and factors associated with adverse drug reactions among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy at a tertiary hospital in south western Uganda: A cross-sectional study
(PloS one, 2025) Nangosya Moses; Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke; Narayana Goruntla; Daniel Chans Mwandah; Bontu Aschale Abebe; Fredrick Atwiine; Muyindike Rhoda Winnie; Tadele MekuriyaYadesa
Background: HIV/AIDS remains a global health challenge, with significant prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the mainstay treatment for HIV, and the number of people living with HIV (PLWHIV) on HAART has considerably increased worldwide. The use of HAART has led to improved patient outcomes; however, it is associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which pose serious concerns in the management of patients with HIV. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with ADRs among patients on HAART. Methodology: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study carried out among 312 HIV patients on HAART attending HIV clinics at Mbarara Regional Hospital. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered, semi-structured questionnaire and a review of patient charts. ADRs were assessed for causality and categorized using Naranjo ADR assessment scale into probable, possible and definite, for severity using the modified Hartwig and Siegel criteria into mild, moderate and Severe, and for preventability using Schumock and Thornton criteria into definite, probable and non-preventable. Lexicomp® Drug Interaction Checker software was used to identify and rate clinically significant drug-drug interactions The prevalence of ADRs and potential DDI was analyzed using descriptive statistics while logistic regression analysis was used to establish the association of variables. Results: 312 patients were interviewed and their records reviewed. The prevalence of ADRs during this study was 76.0%. On assessment, 78.3% of the ADRs were mild and 76.6% of ADRs were definitely preventable. CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 (AOR = 1.00, 95% CI: 1.00– 1.02; p value = 0.04), primary education level (AOR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.34–7.95; p value = 0.009), and secondary education level (AOR = 3.64, 95% CI: 1.39–9.52; p value = 0.009) were identified as independent risk factors. Patients who experienced a significant DDI were 5.66 times more likely to experience an ADR (p value = 0.02, 95% CI: 1.32–24.18). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of adverse drug reactions among patients with HIV on HAART. Low CD4 count and lower education levels are risk factors for ADRs in this population; therefore, tailored interventions to these subgroups should be implemented for early ADR identification and management. Significant drug-drug interactions are highly associated with the occurrence of ADRs among HIV patients on HAART, which calls for intensified pharmacovigilance and pharmaceutical care in this population.
Haemodynamic changes from prepregnancy to very early pregnancy among women planning to conceive in Southwestern Uganda
(Journal of Hypertension, 2025) Henry M. Lugobe; Carmel M. Mceniery; Musa Kayondo; Janet M. Catov; Joseph Ngonzi; Charles Batte; Bonnie Wandera; Bruce Kirenga; Blair J. Wylie; Adeline A. Boatin; Kwame Adu-Bonsaffoh; David C. Agaba; Ian B. Wilkinson
Introduction: Normal pregnancy is associated with cardiovascular changes that enable adaptation to the pregnancy state. We sought to describe the haemodynamic changes from prepregnancy to very early pregnancy in women planning to conceive in southwestern Uganda. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, we enrolled women in southwestern Uganda planning to conceive. Brachial and central blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, and peripheral vascular resistance were assessed prepregnancy and repeated in very early pregnancy. Results: We studied 86 women with a mean age of 27.8 years (SD 4.4). The mean gestational age was 7 ( 2) weeks at the time of repeat blood pressure measurement. Brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased in very early pregnancy (116 11 to 114 8 mmHg and 68 6 to 65 5 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.001). Central systolic and diastolic blood pressure also decreased (112 10 to 109 8 mmHg, P ¼ 0.003 and 68 6 to 65 5 mmHg, P < 0.001, respectively), as did peripheral vascular resistance (1450 581 to 1311 276 dyn/s/cm5 P ¼ 0.038). There was no significant difference in cardiac output (5.3 1.2 vs 5.5 1.1 l/min P ¼ 0.146) or stroke volume (64 13 to 66 12 ml, P ¼ 0.172). Conclusion: Significant haemodynamic changes occur in very early pregnancy. Using late first trimester measurements as a baseline for pregnancy induced changes may not be suitable for understanding the full extent of pregnancy induced haemodynamic changes, or provide a reliable substitute for prepregnancy states.
Effectiveness of low-dose aspirin in reducing the risk of preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension: an integrative literature review
(BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 2025) Prisca Asiimwe; Grace Nambozi; Laura Brennaman; Joseph Ngonzi; Gad Ruzaaza
Background: Evidence on the use of aspirin in women with chronic hypertension has indicated low effectiveness in preventing superimposed preeclampsia. The possible cause has not been well explored. Many researchers have attributed it to inadequacies in dosages, timing of therapy initiation, timing of intake and adherence. Investigations into these aspects have yielded conflicting results. Previous research has mainly focused on the dosage and gestational timing, yet the timing the drug is taken and adherence are also important aspects in evaluating drug efficacy. Therefore, an appraisal of the combination of these parameters was necessary. Aim: This review aimed to explore the theoretical explanations for aspirin's low effectiveness in reducing the incidence of superimposed preeclampsia among women with chronic hypertension and propose therapy modifications to boost aspirin. We also aimed to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of aspirin at different doses, gestation timing, timing of ingestion, and adherence in this population. Methods: The review followed the Whittemore and Knafl procedure which involves problem identification, literature search, data extraction/evaluation, data analysis and presentation of findings. 17 studies were evaluated in the integrative literature review obtained from international databases including PubMed, Hinari and Google Scholar. We searched for articles that pertained to the effectiveness of aspirin regarding dosage, gestational age at initiation, timing of ingestion and adherence. Results: On exploration of the possible explanation for the low effectiveness of aspirin on superimposed preeclampsia, it was noted that the pathogenesis of this condition in chronic hypertension has various pathways. However, aspirin targets only one of them, thereby leaving a gap for the other pathways to advance. After synthesizing the studies included in this review, it was noted that aspirin doses≥150 mg were safer and more effective in the majority of the populations. Overall, there was an optimistic trend between higher doses (≥150 mg), initiated before 12 weeks of gestation, taken over 90% of the time at night/bedtime. Conclusion: Owing to the variety of pathways through which preeclampsia develops in women with preexisting hypertension, this review recommends weight-adjusted multi-component pharmacological combinations such as aspirin and L-arginine, or aspirin and S-nitroglutathione to enhance aspirin’s effectiveness in this population. We also noted that the effectiveness of aspirin largely depends on early identification and control of hypertension,doses≥150 mg, initiation of the therapy before the 12th week of gestation and taking the drug more than 90% of the time at night/bedtime. We recommend further research in this area, consistent follow-up of women prescribed aspirin and use of combined methods to measure adherence.
Ex Vivo Cytokine Profiling of Cryptococcus neoformans Strains Suggests Strain-Specific Immune Modulation: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Cureus, 2025) Kennedy Kassaza; Fredrickson B. Wasswa; Kirsten Nielsen; Joel Bazira
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remains a major cause of mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The interplay between fungal genotype and host immune response is critical in determining disease outcome. We conducted ex vivo cytokine profiling using peripheral blood from HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults stimulated with heat-inactivated whole cell antigens from two Cryptococcus neoformans strains: the reference strain H99 and the genetically distinct UgCl377 clinical strain. These strains differ at multiple loci, including the CNAG_04922 gene. Luminex based quantification revealed that H99 induced significantly higher levels of CD40-ligand, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, and IL-33. These cytokines reflect pro-inflammatory, Th2, and regulatory responses, suggesting robust immune activation. In contrast, the UgCl377 strain elicited a dampened cytokine profile. While this study does not isolate the effect of CNAG_04922 alone, it demonstrates that whole-cell antigens from genetically distinct strains of C. neoformans elicit differential cytokine responses. These findings provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies using purified proteins or isogenic strains.