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Recent Submissions

Ground and Space-based response of the ionosphere during the geomagnetic storm of 02–06 November 2021 over the low-latitudes across different longitudes
(Advances in Space Research, 2024) Aol, Sharon; Habyarimana, Valence; Mungufeni, Patrick; Buchert, Stephan C.; Habarulema, John Bosco
The strong geomagnetic storm of class G3 that occurred on 03 November 2021 (Dst min = 118 nT, Kp = 8) was the first of this class recorded during the ascending phase of solar cycle 25. In this study, we examined the response of the ionosphere during the geo magnetic storm period from 02–06 November 2021 using the Total Electron Content (TEC) observations from a chain of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver stations in five longitudinal sectors i.e, Asian, East-African, West-African, South-American, and Pacific-west sectors, in the low-latitudes and space-based Swarm satellite electron density, Ne and TEC measurements. The Rate of Change of TEC Index (ROTI) was derived from the ground and space-based TEC measurements to examine the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities. The Rate of change of electron density index (RODI) was also derived from Swarm Ne measurements to identify the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities at Swarm altitudes. A positive ionospheric storm effect was observed in all the longitudinal sectors considered in this study. A clear hemispherical asymmetry, with higher VTEC in the northern hemisphere was observed. The determining factors for ionospheric responses to this storm are; local time of the storm’s onset, local time of storm’s minimum SYM H, and changes in thermospheric O=N2 ratio. These geomagnetic storm effects were discussed in terms of the Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF) storm induced wind lifting effect and Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field (DDEF). The geomagnetic storm inhibited the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities in all the sectors, during the main phase, except for three IGS receiver stations in South American sector. Overall, a longitudinal dependence of the enhancement/inhibition of ionospheric irregularities was observed. The generation of post-sunset irregularities was attributed to the local time occurrence of maximum ring current, PPEF and DDEF.
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Refining and Expanding the Geometry Pedagogical Improvement Cycle (GeoPIC): A Conceptual Contribution to Competency-Based Geometry Instruction
(Journal of Research innovation and Implications in Education, 2026) Ndungo, Issa; Balimuttajjo, Sudi; Akugizibwe, Edwin
This conceptual paper refines and expands the Geometry Pedagogical Improvement Cycle (GeoPIC), a framework designed to improve the teaching and learning of geometry. Rooted in the Van Hiele Theory of Geometric Thinking, GeoPIC was initially developed to integrate the strengths of both Conventional Van Hiele Phased Instruction and its technology enhanced variant while addressing their contextual limitations. Building on prior empirical findings, the paper deepens the framework’s theoretical foundations, clarifies its six instructional phases, and illustrates how it aligns with the principles of Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). Additionally, it offers brief, practical classroom scenarios to illustrate the application of each phase. The refined framework provides a dynamic, adaptive, and learner-centered instructional approach that facilitates progression through Van Hiele levels while accommodating diverse classroom contexts.
Examining Learner-Centered Modes of Assessment: Perspectives from the 2014 South Sudan National Curriculum Framework
(American Journal of Education and Practice, 2026) Kilonga, Rose Hezekiah Jonathan; Kemeza, Imelda; Mwesgwa, Alice
Purpose: To explore learner-centered modes of assessment employed in 15 randomly selected public and private secondary schools within Juba City following the implementation of the competency-based curriculum. Methodology: The study employed a mixed methods convergent parallel design. A total of 225 teachers were randomly selected to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Interviews were conducted with 16 teachers, 13 head teachers, and three officials from the National Examination Council (NEC) in the Ministry of General Education and Instruction (MoGEI), while focus group discussions involved 42 science and humanities teachers. Participants for the interviews and focus group discussions were purposively selected. The questionnaire attained a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.88, an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.916 for test-retest reliability, and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75 for internal consistency. Findings: Teachers employed various learner centered modes of assessment, primarily through formative assessment conducted continuously using questioning, class exercises, assignments/homework, and presentations to evaluate learners’ understanding of the topics taught. Summative assessment was administered through examinations, with final evaluations incorporating scores from both formative and summative assessments. However, traditional and individualistic assessment methods continued to dominate, with minimal application of authentic, process-oriented assessments. The findings further revealed that only a limited number of teachers had received training in learner-centered modes of assessment. Recommendations: The study recommended the application of the full range of formative assessment approaches, including the use of portfolios, as well as continuous professional development for teachers on learner-centered modes of assessment.
Long-Term Drought Variability in Southwestern Uganda: A Comparative Analysis of Ground and Satellite Rainfall Data for Mbarara
(East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, 2026) Mutabazi, Tom; Nuwagira, Upton; Habyarimana, Valence; Mubiru, David; Muheki, Priscilla; Kampire, Jackline; Ntegyerize, Yonah; Munyarugero, Emmanuel
This study analysed drought occurrence in Mbarara District using ground-based observations and satellite-derived rainfall estimates from the Climate Hazards Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data (for the period 1981–2024) and the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) datasets (1998–2023). A comparison between satellite-derived and in-situ rainfall data was performed using simple linear regression and error metrics, while seasonal trends were assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Theil-Sen methods. Results show that CHIRPS strongly agrees with ground-based observations (R2 ∼ 0.93, RMSE ≈ 32.6 mm, PBIAS = 6.5%), while CMORPH exhibited weaker agreement (R2 ∼ 0.47, RMSE ≈ 42.9 mm, PBIAS = −17.0%). Drought characterisation using the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) reveals distinct drought episodes experienced during 1984–1993, 1999–2004, 2009–2013, 2017, and 2022–2024. Analysis of seasonal rainfall variability shows a non-significant decrease in rainfall during the September-October November (SON) season. This study provides one of the longest station satellite-validated drought analyses for southwestern Uganda using CHIRPS data. The observed patterns and episodic drought events highlight a need to strengthen adaptive strategies in agriculture and water resource management to mitigate the socioeconomic impacts of drought in the region.
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal fern species used by communities bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve, Western Uganda.
(Tropical Medicine and Health, 2026) Nuwamanya, Herbert; Kagoro- Rugunda, Grace; Wangalwa, Raphael; Olet, Eunice Apio
Introduction Across the globe, traditional medicine, particularly herbal remedies, is a cornerstone of healthcare. While the medicinal uses of ferns are widely recognised globally, their therapeutic potential in Uganda remains significantly underexplored compared to higher plants. This limited research creates critical gap in our understanding of the medicinal capacities of ferns, leading to their neglect in drug development. The main aim of this study therefore was to document the medicinal fern species and their uses in communities bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve (KCFR). Methods An ethnobotanical survey was conducted for three months (October, November, and December), 2024 in twenty villages bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve (KCFR) in Kyamuhunga. The study utilized a semi structured questionnaire and face to face interviews with 71 key informants to collect data on use of ferns in herbal medicine. The questionnaire data was analysed using various ethnobotanical indices, including Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Use Value (UV), Relative Importance (RI), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Results ARTICLE IN PRESS Six fern species were documented for use in herbal medicine by communities around KCFR, and Pteridium capense was the most cited species. The use value (UV) index was highest for P. capense (0.72). The informant consensus factor (ICF) was highest for musculoskeletal illnesses (1.00), and the fidelity level (FL) was highest for Hypolepis sparsisora for treating burns (100%). Fronds were the most used part of the ferns in herbal medicine (76.06%), and dermal (smearing and rubbing) was the most common route of administration (57.75%). . Conclusions Medicinal ferns are an important component of traditional herbal medicine in communities bordering KCFR. The study documented different medicinal fern species for treating various ailments in communities bordering KCFR. Pteridium capense was the most frequently cited species, used to treat various illnesses. These findings highlight the significant ethnobotanical knowledge of the local communities and suggest that further research into the pharmacological properties of these fern species, especially P. capense, is warranted. Further research should characterize and elucidate bioactive compounds responsible for such therapeutic values.
Contrasting patterns of trematode and host snail dispersal across clusters of tropical crater lakes
(Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2026-08-24) Hammoud, Cyril; Bocxlaer, Bert Van; Tumusiime, Julius; Verschuren, Dirk; Albrecht, Christian; Tolo, Casim Umba; Huyse, Tine
Background Comparing the genetic diversity and population structure of parasites and their hosts can improve understanding of their respective methods of dispersal, demographic histories, and factors driving genetic differentia tion. In parasite taxa such as trematodes which have both intermediate and final hosts, comparative population-level analyses may also inform how each host influences gene flow among parasite populations. Here we aimed to assess how intermediate and final hosts influence trematode dispersal by examining the population genetic structure of the aquatic snail Bulinus tropicus and three trematodes that use it as intermediate host. Methods We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to simultaneously genotype populations of B. tropicus in two clusters of crater lakes in western Uganda (823 snails, 15 lakes) and three infecting trematode taxa (Petasiger sp., Echinoparyphium sp. and Plagiorchioidea sp.). For each taxon, we quantified genetic diversity in three mitochondrial markers and used analyses of molecular variance to test whether populations were genetically differentiated. Results Populations of B. tropicus were strongly genetically differentiated among individual crater lakes and lake clus ters (ΦST = 0.78), indicating limited inter-lake dispersal. Petasiger sp. haplotype diversity was on average twice as high as that of its intermediate snail host and did not display genetic structuring among lakes (ΦST = 0.01). This parasite can therefore overcome the dispersal barriers encountered by its snail host, likely facilitated by mobile avian hosts, result ing in a single ‘panmictic’ region-wide population. Contrastingly, Echinoparyphium trematodes displayed less genetic diversity and significant genetic differentiation among lakes (ΦST = 0.35), likely due to limited final host mobility. Finally, Plagiorchioidea sp. was restricted to five neighbouring lakes, and a single haplotype was identified in the 217 infected snails analysed, implying recent introduction into the crater lakes. Conclusions Contrasting patterns of genetic diversity and population structure among three parasitic trematodes and their common intermediate snail host illustrate how multi-host life cycles mediate dispersal dynamics and gen erate distinct evolutionary outcomes in hydrographically fragmented aquatic habitats. These findings demonstrate how multi-host life cycles shape parasite connectivity and evolution, and show that comparative population genetics can provide valuable insights into the dispersal ecology of understudied parasite species.
Artificial intelligence-based enhancement of mammography interpretation for early breast cancer diagnosis.
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-09) Debrah, Ebenezer Lartey
Breast cancer is a major global health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Projections show annual cases will surpass 3 million by 2040, underscoring the urgent need for accurate and accessible diagnostic tools. Although mammography is the most common screening method, its accuracy can be compromised by issues such as tissue superposition and interpreter variability, especially in low-resource settings. "This study developed artificial intelligence-based algorithms to enhance early and accurate breast cancer detection from mammograms. A mixed-method approach was adopted, beginning with a systematic literature review to identify state-of-the-art AI techniques in breast cancer diagnosis. Based on these insights, several deep learning-based algorithms were designed and developed to enhance mammogram quality and support diagnostic classification. The models were trained and evaluated using publicly available mammography datasets. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements in classification and visualization. Enhanced VGG19 achieved strong sensitivity for malignant case detection, the Cycle GAN framework produced state-of-the-art classification performance with high accuracy and AUC, and Mammogan•14 delivered near-perfect diagnostic accuracy of 0.9849, sensitivity' Of 0.9717, specificity of 1.000, and an AUC of 0.9985. Collectively, all models offered clinically feasible inference times, making them suitable for real-world applications. In conclusion, this research bridges the gap between AI innovation and clinical practice, particularly in settings with limited resources. Future work should focus on hybrid approaches that integrate deep learning with traditional machine learning techniques to strengthen robustness, improve interpretability, and ensure trustworthy deployment in clinical environments.
Association between total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio and Probable dementia among older people: A cross-sectional study in Southwestern Uganda
(Aging and Health Research, 2026-10-23) Ishimwe, Dianah; Bagenda, Charles Nkubi; Tushemerirwe, Ruth; Namugangu, Jacinta; Mungufeni, Rogers; Unzima, Patrick; Ssemwanga, Elastus; Nantongo, Carol; Mugisa, Michael Junior; Mudondo, Hope; Ampaire, Lucas; Muwanguzi, Enoch; Abaasa, Catherine; Ojuko, Samuel; Sempijja, Fred; Oyuru, Amos; Musinguzi, Benson; Akiteng, Winnie; Osuwat, Lawrence Obado; Rugera, Simon Peter; Tusubira, Deusdedit
Background: Dementia is a condition characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities that exceeds what could normally be anticipated due to the natural process of ageing. This study assessed the association of serum lipoproteins with probable dementia among older people in Rukiga District, South-western Uganda. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study in Rukiga District, South-western Uganda. The study was conducted from February 15, 2025 to March, 29, 2025 among 272 individuals 60 years of age and above who were selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire supplemented with information from participant’s medical records and a brief community screening instrument for dementia. Anthropometric measurements were taken and a blood sample was drawn for laboratory measurement of serum lipoproteins. Results: Of 272 participants, 45 (16.5%) had probable dementia. Participants with probable dementia had significantly higher total cholesterol levels (median: 172 mg/dL, IQR: 140–199) compared to those without probable dementia (156 mg/dL, IQR: 134–183, p=0.019). In multivariable analysis, total cholesterol to HDL- cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.25, p=0.027), age;(aOR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.16–1.39 ratio was significantly associated with probable dementia. Conclusions: Probable dementia was relatively common among community-dwelling older adults in Southwestern Uganda. TC/HDL-C ratio, advancing age, and low physical activity levels are potentially associated with probable dementia. We recommend future studies incorporating standardized clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia to confirm these findings.
Validation Of the 350 km Effective Height of the Ionosphere for the Low Latitude Region of East Africa
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2024-09) Opio, Phillip
The centroid of mass of the ionosphere lies in the region that contains the highest concentration of electrons. The height from the Earth's surface to the point where the centroid is located is called the effective height of the ionosphere. The effective height is useful for aspects such as mapping the Total Electron Content (TEC) Over a given region, calibration Of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, and satellite navigation augmentation among others. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the ionosphere, the effective height varies from one place to another. This variation is particularly pronounced in the low-latitude regions which have high electrodynamic activity. The high electrodynamic activity may render the value Of the effective height used in most models and algorithms unsuitable for the low latitude region, particularly the East African region. In this study, the 350 km effective height of the ionosphere used in many ionospheric algorithms was validated for the East African region. This was determined using data from GNSS receivers and Ionosondes in the region. Another technique that utilizes the GNSS receivers aboard the swarm satellites was introduced to supplement the existing GNSS-TEC methods. The results show that the effective height over the East African region lies in a range of 350 km to 500 km, with a modal value of 400 km. The effective height of the ionosphere exhibit temporal variations, where the day-time values are higher than the night-time values, with the peak appearing between 09:00 UT and 16:00 UT. The seasonal variation showed slightly higher values in the equinox months than in the solstice months. The spatial variation Of the effective height shows an asymmetry between the trough and the crest of the anomaly region, with higher values at the equator during the day-time and vice versa at night. The model predicted values of effective height were validated against the height of the peak electron density (hmF2) obtained from ionosondes for the month of April 2024. The predicted values are in good agreement with the measured values, and performed slightly better than International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) values especially in the day-time ionosphere. The good agreement between the predicted values and observations suggest that, the model may be used to predict the effective height over a place in the East African region where observations are not available. The results showed that while the value of 350 km can still be used for the nighttime ionosphere, the most appropriate value for the East African region is 400 km.
A deep learning model for early prediction and diagnosis of late blight disease in irish potatoes.
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-08) Turihohabwe, Jack
Introduction: According to the Centre International potato, the Irish potato is a popular crop in Uganda with a great value for income generation and improving nutrition. The Ugandan government has declared the Irish potato a key crop for the country. Despite Irish potatoes being a key crop in Uganda, diseases are a challenge in their growth, growth most especially the late blight disease. Problem: Late blight of Irish potato disease causes 60 percent damage to Irish potatoes and this has affected the production of Irish potatoes in Uganda due to misdiagnosis and inaccurate prediction of the disease. AI models have been providing significant results ill the improvement of disease prediction and diagnosis but Datasets of an African Origin and Uganda in particular still remain a challenge. The main objective: T110 main objective of this research is to develop a deep learning model powered mini pathogen Laboratory to improve early prediction and accurate diagnosis of late blight disease in Irish potatoes in Kigezi-Uganda. Methodology: The methodology used in this study was Design Science methodology and Artificial Intelligence approaches for model development. This achieved development of a deep learning model powered Irish potato Mini Pathogen lab. Results: This application achieved a lot of success in its evaluation with minimum accuracy of 94% and maximum accuracy ranging from 98% to 100% thus contributing to bridging the accuracy gap of East Africa which 6.5% to 7% by closing it by 5.5% and closing in to the global accuracy of 99.56% On particular experiments. Conclusion: The deep learning model powered Irish potato Mini Pathogen lab helped extension workers to conveniently and cheaply carryout experiments on late blight dis- ease early prediction and accurate diagnosis. Future works: Future research should be done in further crop science to experiment with the model and give specific recommended on specific herbicides to treat late blight. late and specific predict ion on spraying schedules. More investigation should be done in unleashing the black-box to make future models more explainable.
Red blood cell alloantibodies in transfused patients with haematological malignancies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital and the Uganda Cancer Institute: Prevalence, specificities and associated factors
(Vox Sanguinis, 2026) Taremwa, Ivan Mugisha; Niyonzima, Nixon; Ashaba, Scholastic; Kemigisha, Elizabeth; Tusubira, Deusdedit; Okongo, Benson; Nambozi, Grace; Choi, May Y.; Jenne, Craig N.; Marle, Guido van; Natukunda, Bernard
Background and Objectives: Patients with haematological malignancies often require blood transfusion support. Multiple allogeneic blood transfusions may result in alloimmunization, complicating future transfusions. This study determined alloantibody prevalence, specificities and factors associated with the presence of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies among transfused patients with haematological malignancies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) and the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among patients with haematological malignancies who had been multiply transfused and were seeking cancer care at MRRH and the UCI, in Uganda. Patient plasma was screened for the presence of RBC alloantibodies using haemagglutination testing with a 3-cell commercial reagent RBC and antibody identification with 11-cell antibody panels. Results: A total of 427 patients with a median age of 36 (inter-quartile range: 26 56 years) were investigated. Twenty-five participants (5.9%) possessed RBC alloantibodies whose specificities were as follows: anti-C, two; anti-D, four; anti-E, six; anti-K, four; and anti-c, anti-Fya, anti-Jka, anti-Lea and anti-M, one each. Four patients possessed pan-reactive antibodies. Patients with chronic cancer (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–7.21), leukaemia (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.81–4.03), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.69–5.11), antibiotic use (AOR = 5.08, 95% CI: 2.11–7.41) and a history of ≥5 transfusions were significantly associated with RBC alloimmunization (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: RBC alloimmunization prevalence was 5.9% and associated with clinical and transfusion-related factors. Alloantibodies to Rh, Kell, MNS, Duffy, Kidd and Lewis blood group systems were detected, underscoring the need for improved pre transfusion testing in Uganda.
Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Hippocampal SRPX2 Expression and Reactive Astrocytosis in an Acrolein-Induced Alzheimer’s-Like Rat Model
(Cureus, 2026-11-04) Kamoga, Ronald; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Kalungi, Samuel; Obungoloch, Johnes; Tayebwa, Amon; Nakidde, Gladys; Obua, Celestino; Ihunwo, Amadi O.
Introduction Acrolein, a highly reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation, is elevated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and has been shown to induce AD-like synaptic and cognitive deficits in experimental models. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a noninvasive neuromodulatory intervention with potential cognitive and anti-inflammatory effects. Sushi repeat-containing protein X-linked 2 (SRPX2) is a neuronal complement inhibitor that contributes to synaptic protection by limiting complement mediated synapse elimination. However, the regulation of SRPX2 in acrolein-induced AD-like pathology and its modulation by taVNS remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of taVNS on hippocampal SRPX2 expression and reactive astrocytosis in an acrolein-induced AD-like rat model. Methods Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly assigned to an acrolein-exposed cohort (n = 21) or a non-exposed control group (n = 7). Acrolein-exposed rats were further divided into three groups: acrolein-only, sham stimulation of the greater auricular nerve, and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) of the auricular branch (n = 7 per group). Acrolein was administered by oral gavage at 2.5 mg/kg/day for eight weeks. Sham stimulation and taVNS were subsequently administered for four weeks at 25 Hz, 0.8 mA, and one hour/day. Hippocampal SRPX2 gene expression was quantified using real-time PCR, while reactive astrocytosis was evaluated using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Results Acrolein exposure significantly increased hippocampal SRPX2 expression and GFAP-defined reactive astrocytosis compared with non-exposed controls. taVNS significantly reduced SRPX2 expression toward control levels (mean ± SD: 0.48 ± 0.17; p = 0.0075). In addition, taVNS reduced the density of GFAP-positive astrocytes and decreased GFAP staining intensity compared with the acrolein-only condition. Conclusions taVNS attenuated acrolein-induced AD-like hippocampal pathology, as evidenced by reduced SRPX2 expression and reactive astrocytosis. These findings suggest that taVNS may have therapeutic potential as a noninvasive neuromodulatory intervention targeting complement-related neuron-glia mechanisms in sporadic AD. Further studies are warranted to clarify the mechanistic relationship between SRPX2, complement signaling, astrocytic activation, and the neuroprotective effects of taVNS.
The Gendered Parenting Dynamics: A Qualitative Inquiry into Pre-Service Teachers' Academic Adjustment in South-western Uganda
(East African Journal of Education Studies, 2026) Atuhaire, Rosemary; Rukundo, Aloysius; Kibanja, Grace Milly
This study explores the influence of gendered parenting dynamics on the academic adjustment of pre-service teachers in South-western Uganda. A qualitative design utilising secondary thematic analysis was employed, drawing from focus group discussions with 44 pre-service teachers and interviews with 28 parents and 8 university administrators. The findings reveal a complex interplay of familial and institutional factors. Authoritarian parenting, sharply divided along gendered lines with fathers as distant disciplinarians, often hindered the development of student autonomy. This was compounded by experiences of neglect and financial hardship, which paradoxically served as both a significant barrier to performance and a powerful motivator for "academic proving." Furthermore, students faced systemic institutional challenges like poor timetabling. Despite these obstacles, students demonstrated agency through peer support and skill development. The study concludes that academic adjustment in this context is a negotiation between entrenched familial patterns, socioeconomic pressures, and institutional barriers. It necessitates a multi-stakeholder, ecosystem approach. Recommendations include parental sensitisation, pedagogical reforms, enhanced student counselling, and government action to foster a more supportive educational ecosystem for pre-service teachers.
Vegetation for soil stabilization under climate change
(Elsevier, 2026) Niyomukiza, John Bosco; Kiwanuka, Moses; Mutanda, Hosea Eridadi; Tiboti, Paul
Climate change is anticipated to significantly influence environmental factors that contribute to soil erosion, including extreme weather events such as unpredictable rainfall and temperature fluctuations. Shifts in global climate patterns are expected to alter rainfall regimes, leading to more frequent occurrences of rainfall-induced slope failures and soil erosion. Soil is an intricate system at the intersection of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, which is essential for food production and a significant factor in sustain ability through its support of important societal and ecosystem services
Exploring differences in academic motivation of secondary school students using and not using psychoactive substances in Buhweju District, Uganda
(African Journal of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2026) Asasira, Yobu; Rukundo, Aloysius
Motivation happens to be one of the most important aspects that help students achieve their academic goals. However, certain maladaptive behaviours, like psychoactive substance use, can potentially dilute its achievements. The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in motivation among students who use psychoactive substances and those who do not. A cross-sectional design was employed involving 350 secondary school students from eight randomly and purposively selected schools in Buhweju District. Data was collected using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire, processed and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS, V. 27). The analytical strategy used t-tests of independent samples. There was no statistically significant differences in intrinsic academic motivation between the psychoactive drug use group, (M = 46.3, SD = 6.2) and the non-psychoactive drug using group (M = 45.7, SD = 7.1), t (343) = 0.8, p = 0.420. Similarly, there was no statistically significant differences in extrinsic academic motivation between the psychoactive drug use group, (M = 34.7, SD = 4.4) and the non-psychoactive drug using (M = 34.9, SD = 4.0), t (343) = -0.293, p = 0.770. However, respondents who reported psychoactive drug use had significantly higher levels of amotivation (M = 37.0, SD = 6.3) compared to those who did not (M = 34.7, SD = 6.8), t (343 ) = 3.28, p = 0.001. Both Intrinsic and extrinsic academic motivation did not differ significantly between secondary school students who engage in psychoactive drug use and those who do not. Students who engage in psychoactive drug use exhibited higher levels of amotivation compared to nonpsycho active drug users. Schools should develop motivational enhancement programs to support students with higher amotivation levels and reduce their likelihood of turning to psychoactive drug use and strengthening teacher-parent collaboration to ensure early identification and support for the amotivation at-risk students.
Teachers' preparedness and attitudes in the implementation of the lower secondary school compeitnce-based curriculum in Rukungiri district, Uganda
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-09) Kachope, Gladyce
Uganda's lower-secondary Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) requires teachers to redesign lesson delivery, assessment, and classroom facilitation. In rural districts, implementation appears uneven. This study examined teachers' preparedness, attitudes, and implementation effectiveness, tested group differences (gender, sector, education), and assessed whether attitudes mediate the preparedness—implementation link. A pragmatic, convergent mixed-methods design was used in 13 schools (Rukungiri District). Quantitative data were collected from N — 233 teachers using 12-item Likert (1—5) scales per construct (Preparedness, Attitudes, and Implementation). Reliability was high (a:Preparedness.913; Attitudes — .846; Implementation — .881). Parametric analyses (t tests/ANOVA, Pearson r) and PROCESS Model 4 mediation (bootstrap CIS) were applied. Qualitative data (interviews with 13 head teachers; two FGDs with student leaders) underwent inductive thematic analysis. Ethical approvals and informed consent were obtained. Preparedness subscales centered near the midpoint with dispersion: Knowledge & Understanding (M = 3.0472, SD = l. 1345), Instructional Design (M = 3.0494, SD = 1.1299), Classroom Practice (M = 3.0418, SD = 1.1286). Attitudes were similarly neutral on average (TA total: M = 3.0071, SD = 0.8858), with subscale means: Perceptions (M = 2.9989, SD = 0.9808), Professional Motivation (M 3.0193, SD = I .0564), Change Orientation (M = 3.0032, SD = I .0031). Implementation was visible but inconsistent (El total: M = 3.0182, SD = 0.9593); the Assessment & Feedback strand showed the greatest variability. Bivariate associations were moderate and positive: TP—TA r = .615, TP—EI r — .507, TA—EI r — .585 (all p < .001). Group comparisons showed no significant differences by gender or employment sector for attitudes or implementation; education level showed small attitude differences (TA total: = 3.723, p = .026; Change Orientation: = 4.536, p = *012; Tukey: Master's > Diploma). Mediation indicated a significant indirect effect of preparedness on implementation via attitudes (partial mediation; direct effect remained positive). CBC uptake is present but uneven. The teachers exhibit foundational preparedness and constructive attitudes, yet implementation, especially competency-based assessment, remains fragile. Attitudes act as a hinge, transmitting a meaningful share of preparedness into everyday practice. At the System level, disseminate subject-specific exemplar/task banks, mini-rubrics, and one- page competency records; provide school-embedded coaching. At the school level, protect weekly co-planning huddles, build shared task/rubric banks, and run brief observe—feedback—refine cycles. At the classroom level, pair authentic tasks with 3—4-criterion mini-rubrics, use quick feedback routines, and maintain a one-page competency tracker. Future work should include classroom observations and longitudinal designs to link teacher routines with learner outcomes.
Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of Zanthoxylum leprieurii guill. & Perr. and Rubia cordifolia l and their interaction with conventional anti- tuberculosis drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2024-09) Mpeirwe, Moses
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health challenge and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. TB is preventable and curable. However, treatment of tuberculosis has continued to be difficult as a result of rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Medicinal plants have for centuries been traditionally used in treatment Of tuberculosis and similar ailments globally. They possess antimicrobial properties which render them a new hope as a source of novel bioactive leads in the development of antimycobacterial agents. Additionally, despite the increasing acceptance of medicinal plant use in combination with conventional antituberculosis drugs in treatment Of tuberculosis (TB) in Uganda, there is paucity or knowledge On their combination effect. Methods: Two plant species commonly used traditionally for the treatment Of tuberculosis in Uganda, Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill- & perr. and Rubia cordifolia L. were screened for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains; pan sensitive MTB H37Rv, Rifampicin resistant TMC 331 strain and two wild strains (one rifampicin resistant and another one rifampicin susceptible). Antimycobacterial activity of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic plant extracts was determined using Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA). We also determined the combination activity of both medicinal plant extracts at varying concentrations and standard antituberculosis drugs against H37Rv and MDR (TMC 331) strains. cytotoxic effect of the active plant extracts was determined against the mouse BALB/C monocyte-macrophage (J774.2) cells using Microculture Tetrazolium (MIT) assay. Results: Both plant extracts exhibited significant in vitro antimycobacterial activity against all MTB strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of methanolic crude extracts of both plants ranged from 23.4gg/mL to 187.5gg/mL. Comparatively, methanol extracts of both plants possessed superior antimycobacterial activity against all the strains. Drug-extract combinations showed good combination activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains when compared with individual Standard anti-TB drugs especially against MDR-MTB strain. All extracts exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxicity against J774.2 mouse macrophage monocyte cell line in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that both plants exhibited activity against susceptible and resistant strains Of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While antimycobacterial activity Of Z leprieurii confirms results from previous studies, activity of the extracts Of R. cordifolia is reported for the first time in East Africa. Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Rubia cordifolia in combination with standard anti-TB drugs exhibited increased in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis especially MI)R-MTB strain. This verifies the local use of these plants in traditional treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda.
High Rates of Atrial Fibrillation among Inpatients with Heart Failure or Ischemic Stroke in Southwestern Uganda
(Annals of Global Health, 2026) Olds, Peter K.; Twesigye, Precious; Nakawesa, Lydia; Kasomba, Ivan; Haberer, Jessica E.; Fardous, Abeya
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects over 37 million people worldwide, and its prevalence is projected to increase by 60% by 2050. Addressing AF is critical in Uganda and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, where data are lacking despite the high prevalence of AF risk factors, comorbidities, and sequelae. Objectives: To evaluate AF prevalence among inpatients with acute heart failure or acute ischemic stroke in Uganda. Methods: Between November 4, 2024 and November 30, 2025, we recruited a cohort of inpatients at the Regional Referral Hospital in Mbarara, Uganda with either acute heart failure or acute ischemic stroke. We collected baseline clinical data and hospital outcomes, performed a transthoracic echocardiogram, and equipped participants with a 24-hour Holter monitor. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted for a primary outcome of AF detection. Results: Among 250 individuals, mean age was 61.7 years (SD 20.5), of whom 175 (70.0%) were women. 123 (49.2%) had acute heart failure; 127 (50.8%) had acute ischemic stroke. Holter monitors detected AF in 105 (42.0%), with a mean AF duration of 11.0 hours (IQR 1.0–21.9) with a bimodal distribution. Mean stroke risk (CHA2 DS2 VA) was 3.5 (SD 1.6). Factors associated with AF included increasing age in years (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06) and left atrial volume index (mL/m2) (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03). Conclusions: We found high rates of AF among inpatients with acute heart failure or acute ischemic stroke, comparable to studies from the United States and Europe. These findings highlight the need to address AF in Uganda, with improved screening using long-term monitors, updated treatment protocols, and broadened access to cardiac care.