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Recent Submissions

Asteroseismology of HD 23734, HD 68703, and HD 73345 using K2 –TESS space-based photometry and high-resolution spectroscopy
(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2025) Santosh, Joshi; Dileep, Athul; Semenko, Eugene; Sarkar, Mrinmoy; Otto, Trust; Peter, De Cat; Lampens, Patricia; Dupret, Marc-Antoine; Ghosh, Surath C.; Mkrtichian, David; Vanrespaille, Mathijs; Sugyan, Parida; Yadav, Abhay Pratap; Pramod, Kumar S.; Goswami, P. P.; Riyas, Muhammed; Karinkuzhi, Drisya
In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of three stars, HD 23734, HD 68703, and HD 73345, which were previously observed as chemically peculiar candidates within the Nainital-Cape survey and reported as null results for the pulsational variability. Frequency analyses of K2 and TESS time-series photometric data reveal the co-existence of rotational modulation and pulsation. We use the spectrum synthesis technique to determine fundamental parameters and chemical composition, which shows that all the three stars are likely to be chemically normal. The evolutionary status of the target stars corresponds to the main-sequence phases and places them within the δ Scuti instability strip of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. The line profile variability is observed in all three stars, especially intriguing in HD 68703 and a typical signature of the non-radial pulsation, demands further detailed examination. Using TESS photometry, we identified the radial modes of orders n = 3 and 4 for HD 23734, n = 1, 3, and 4 for HD 68703, and n = 3, 4, and 5 for HD 73345. In addition to the presence of pulsation and rotation, HD 73345 exhibits a steady increase in radial velocity that we interpret as the star being likely to be part of a long-period binary system. Finally, we propose an extended campaign aimed for the in-depth spectroscopic and spectropolarimetric study of selected pulsating stars monitored under the Nainital-Cape survey project.
Asteroseismology of the mild Am δ Sct star HD 118660: TESS photometry and modelling
(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2024) Sarkar, Mrinmoy; Santosh, Joshi; Dupret, Marc-Antoine; Otto, Trust; Peter, De Cat; Semenko, Eugene; Lampens, Patricia; Goswami, Aruna; Mkrtichian, David; Karinkuzhi, Drisya; Yakunin, Ilya; Gupta, Archana
We present the results of an asteroseismic study of HD 118660 (TIC 171729860), being a chemically peculiar (mild Am) star exhibiting δ Scuti ( δ Sct) pulsations. It is based on the analysis of two sectors of time-series photometry from the space mission TESS ( Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite ) and seismic modelling. It yielded the detection of 15 and 16 frequencies for TESS sectors 23 and 50, respectively. The identified pulsation modes include four radial ( ℓ = 0) and five dipolar ( ℓ = 1) ones. The radial modes are o vertones with order n ranging from 3 and 6. Such high values of n are theoretically not expected for stars with the effective temperature of HD 118660 ( T eff ≈ 7550 K) located near the red edge of the δ Sct instability strip. To estimate the asteroseismic parameters, we have generated a grid of stellar models assuming a solar metallicity ( Z = 0 . 014) and different values for the convective overshooting parameter (0 . 1 ≤ αov ≤ 0 . 3). We conclude that the analysis of the radial modes is insufficient to constrain αov and Z for δ Sct stars. The value for the equatorial velocity of HD 118660 derived from the seismic radius and the rotational frequency is consistent with values found in the literature
Unveiling the Variability and Chemical Composition of ALCol
(Galaxies, 2025) Ghosh, Surath C.; Santosh, Joshi; Samrat, Ghosh; Dileep, Athul; Otto, Trust; Sarkar, Mrinmoy; Guzmán, Jaime Andrés Rosales; Castro-Toledo, Nicolás Esteban; Malkov, Oleg; Singh, Harinder P.; Kefeng, Tan; Bedi, Sarabjeet S.
In this study, we present analysis of TESS photometry, spectral energy distribution (SED), high-resolution spectroscopy, and spot modeling of the α2 CVn-type star ALCol (HD46462). The primary objective is to determine its fundamental physical parameters and investigate its surface activity characteristics. Using TESS short-cadence (120s) SAP flux, we identified a rotational frequency of 0.09655d−1 (Prot = 10.35733d). Wavelet analysis reveals that while the amplitudes of the harmonic components vary over time, the strength of the primary rotational frequency remains stable. A SED analysis of multi-band photometric data yields Academic Editor: MargoAller Received: 17June2025 Revised: 1August2025 Accepted: 5August2025 Published: 14 August2025 Citation: Ghosh, S.C.;Joshi, S.; Ghosh,S.; Dileep, A.; Trust, O.; Sarkar, M.; Rosales Guzmán,J.A.; Castro-Toledo, N.E.; Malkov, O.; Singh, H.P.; et al. Unveiling the Variability and Chemical Composition of ALCol. Galaxies 2025, 13, 93. https:// doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13040093 Copyright: ©2025bytheauthors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). an effective temperature (Teff) of 11,750K. High-resolution spectroscopic observations covering wave length range 4500–7000Å provide refined estimates of Teff = 13,814 ± 400K, log g= 4.09 ± 0.08dex, and υsini = 16 ± 1kms−1. Abundance analysis shows solar-like composition of OII, MgII, SII, and CaII, while helium is under-abundant by 0.62dex. Rare earth elements (REEs) exhibit over-abundances of up to 5.2dex, classifying the star as an Ap/Bp-type star. ALCol has a radius of R = 3.74 ± 0.48R⊙, with its H–R diagram position estimating a mass of M = 4.2 ± 0.2M⊙ and an age of 0.12 ± 0.01 Gyr, indicating that the star has slightly evolved from the main sequence. The TESS light curves were modeled using a three-evolving-spot configuration, suggesting the presence of differential rotation. This star is a promising candidate for future investigations of magnetic field diagnostics and the vertical stratification of chemical elements in its atmosphere.
Chemical abundances and Doppler imaging of the Ap Si/He-wk star HD 100357
(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2025) Dileep, Athul; Santosh, Joshi; Sofya, Alexeeva; Kochukhov, Oleg; Semenko, Eugene; Peter, De Cat; Zuniga-Fernandez, Sebastian; Otto, Trust; Pollard, Karen; Crause, Lisa; Barkaoui, Khalid; Gillon, Michael; Jehin, Emmanuel; Rathore, Neeraj
We present the results of time-resolved photometry, abundance analysis, and Doppler imaging of an Ap star, HD 100357. The TESS photometry revealed rotational modulation with a period of 1.6279247 d. Upon inspecting the residuals after removing the rotational period and its harmonics, we found additional frequencies around 15.8054 d−1 , which we later confirmed with ground-based observations as originating from a nearby star. Using high-resolution spectroscopy, we identified HD 100357 as an Ap Si/He-wk star exhibiting rotational modulation caused by surface abundance spots. The stellar parameters of HD 100357 were determined as Teff = 11 850 K, log g = 4.57, υ sin i = 60 km s−1 , and an inclination angle i = 72◦. The detailed abundance analysis revealed strongly overabundant stratified silicon, an overabundance of iron-peak elements and rare earth elements combined with remarkably deficient helium. Mapping of Fe and Cr abundances revealed the existence of ring-shaped regions with a lower concentration of the elements. Their geometry might reflect the orientation of the hypothetical magnetic field of the star, oriented ∼ 90◦ to the rotational axis. HD 100357, with its strong chemical peculiarities and indications of possible magnetic fields, represents an interesting candidate for follow-up spectropolarimetric observations aimed at investigating its magnetic field topology and stellar activity.
Revisiting the exoplanet radius valley with host stars from SWEET-Cat
(Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2026) Kamulali, J.; Adibekyan, V.; Nsamba, B.; Sousa, S. G.; Campante, T. L.; Weiss, A.; Kabugho, B.; Moedas, N.; Santos, N. C.; Otto, Trust
Context. The radius valley, a deficit in the number of planets with radii around 2 R⊕, was observed among exoplanets that have sizes of ≲5 R⊕ and orbital periods of <100 days by NASA’s Kepler mission. This feature separates two distinct populations: super-Earths (rocky planets with radii ≲1.9 R⊕) and sub-Neptunes (planets with substantial volatile envelopes and radii ≳2 R⊕). The valley has been proposed to stem from either planet formation conditions or evolutionary atmospheric loss processes. Disentangling these mechanisms has led to numerous studies of population-level trends, although the resulting interpretations remain sensitive to sample selection and the robustness of host-star parameters. Aims. Our aim is to re-examine the existence and depth of the radius valley, and how its location varies with orbital period, incident flux, stellar mass, and stellar age. Methods. We derived robust fundamental stellar parameters of 1221 main-sequence stars (hosting 1405 confirmed planets) from the SWEET-Cat database using a grid-based machine-learning tool (MAISTEP), which incorporates effective temperatures and metallicities from spectroscopy, as well as Gaia-based luminosities. Our analysis covers stars with effective temperatures between 4400 and 7500 K (FGK spectral types) and estimated radii between 0.62 and 2.75 R⊙. We attained a median uncertainty of 2% in both stellar radius and stellar mass. Combining the updated stellar radii with planet-to-star radius ratios from the NASA Exoplanet Archive, we recomputed the planetary radii, achieving a median uncertainty of 5%. Results. Our findings confirm a partially filled planet radius valley near 2 R⊕. The valley depends on the orbital period, incident flux, and stellar mass, with slopes of −0.12+0.02 −0.01, 0.10+0.02−0.03, 0.19+0.09−0.07, respectively. We also find a stronger mass-dependent trend in average sizes of sub-Neptunes than super-Earths of slopes 0.17+0.04−0.04 and 0.11+0.05−0.05, respectively. With stellar age, the super-Earth/sub-Neptunenumber ratio increases from 0.51+0.11−0.08 (<3 Gyr) to 0.64+0.11−0.11 (≥3 Gyr). In addition, the valley becomes shallower and shifts to larger radii, indicating age-dependent evolution in planet sizes. A four-dimensional (planet radius, orbital period, stellar mass, and stellar age) linear fit of the valley in log–log space produces slopes in orbital period and stellar mass that are consistent with the results from the two-dimensional analyses, and a weaker slope of 0.07+0.03−0.04 in stellar age. Conclusions. The valley’s shift and shallowing over gigayear timescales point to prolonged atmospheric loss, which is consistent with a core-powered mass-loss scenario. Our findings also highlight the importance of stellar age in the interpretation of exoplanet demographics and motivate improved age determinations, as is expected from future missions such as PLATO.
A mobile teaching-learning framework for bridging the agricultural extension gap in resource constrained areas a case study of Kigezi sub-region
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-09) Kobusiingye, Florah
This study aimed to develop a mobile teaching-learning framework to bridge the agricultural extension gap in Uganda's Kigezi sub-region by enhancing knowledge access, interaction, and usability through mobile technology. The study was guided by four complementary theories. The Agricultural Knowledge and Information System for Rural Development (AKIS/RD) outlined the key actors; farmers, extension officers, input suppliers, researchers, and district production/marketing officers, and their roles within the agricultural knowledge system. The Mobile Learning Theory informed the structure and interconnectivity of these actors, emphasizing anytime-anywhere access to information and peer-supported learning. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) shaped the evaluation of user acceptance by examining behavioral intention. performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and enabling conditions. Finally, prat et al.'s (2014) Artifact Evaluation Framework guided the validation of the framework's conceptual integrity through expert reviews along five dimensions: Goal, Environment, Structure, Activity, and Evolution. Anchored in a pragmatic philosophical orientation, the study adopted a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches to develop and evaluate the framework. The research progressed through problem identification, stakeholder consultations, framework design using Unified Modeling Language (UML), prototype development (Agricaccess mobile application), and two-tier evaluation: expert review and field deployment. Data was collected from 10 domain experts through a semi-structured questionnaire, and m 17 agricultural value chain actors using UTAUT-based closed-ended questionnaires and usage logs. Analysis employed descriptive statistics such as means, percentages, frequencies, and standard deviations. Findings showed high performance expectancy (M = 4.41, SD 0.68) and effort expectancy (M = 4.10, SD 0.72), indicating strong belief in the app's usefulness and usability. social influence (M = 3.70, SD = 0.81) and facilitating conditions (M = 3.83, SD = 0.76) revealed areas for infrastructure improvement. System analytics confirmed the framework's practicality. The Advisory Q&A and Training & Knowledge Sharing modules had the highest engagement, with session durations of 12.5 and 15.2 minutes respectively, and task completion rate of 93%. Offline usage was particularly important in low-connectivity areas, and retention was strongest for advisory (87%) and input supply (84%) modules. These findings affirmed the feasibility, relevance, and user-centeredness of the developed Mobile Teaching-Learning Framework (MTLF). The study recommends policy adoption of MTLF to scale digital extension in highland and underserved regions, as well as local capacity building for both farmers and extension agents. Investments in rural digital infrastructure, localized content, and multi-language support are critical for inclusive adoption. future research should explore the integration of financial tools, and climate adaptation services within the framework for broader impact and sustainability. These findings affirm that the mobile Teaching-Learning Framework (MTLF), operationalized through the Agricaccess app, is a feasible, acceptable, and scalable solution for strengthening agricultural extension in rural, resource constrained regions.
Ground and Space-based response of the ionosphere during the geomagnetic storm of 02–06 November 2021 over the low-latitudes across different longitudes
(Advances in Space Research, 2024) Aol, Sharon; Habyarimana, Valence; Mungufeni, Patrick; Buchert, Stephan C.; Habarulema, John Bosco
The strong geomagnetic storm of class G3 that occurred on 03 November 2021 (Dst min = 118 nT, Kp = 8) was the first of this class recorded during the ascending phase of solar cycle 25. In this study, we examined the response of the ionosphere during the geo magnetic storm period from 02–06 November 2021 using the Total Electron Content (TEC) observations from a chain of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver stations in five longitudinal sectors i.e, Asian, East-African, West-African, South-American, and Pacific-west sectors, in the low-latitudes and space-based Swarm satellite electron density, Ne and TEC measurements. The Rate of Change of TEC Index (ROTI) was derived from the ground and space-based TEC measurements to examine the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities. The Rate of change of electron density index (RODI) was also derived from Swarm Ne measurements to identify the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities at Swarm altitudes. A positive ionospheric storm effect was observed in all the longitudinal sectors considered in this study. A clear hemispherical asymmetry, with higher VTEC in the northern hemisphere was observed. The determining factors for ionospheric responses to this storm are; local time of the storm’s onset, local time of storm’s minimum SYM H, and changes in thermospheric O=N2 ratio. These geomagnetic storm effects were discussed in terms of the Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF) storm induced wind lifting effect and Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field (DDEF). The geomagnetic storm inhibited the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities in all the sectors, during the main phase, except for three IGS receiver stations in South American sector. Overall, a longitudinal dependence of the enhancement/inhibition of ionospheric irregularities was observed. The generation of post-sunset irregularities was attributed to the local time occurrence of maximum ring current, PPEF and DDEF.
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Refining and Expanding the Geometry Pedagogical Improvement Cycle (GeoPIC): A Conceptual Contribution to Competency-Based Geometry Instruction
(Journal of Research innovation and Implications in Education, 2026) Ndungo, Issa; Balimuttajjo, Sudi; Akugizibwe, Edwin
This conceptual paper refines and expands the Geometry Pedagogical Improvement Cycle (GeoPIC), a framework designed to improve the teaching and learning of geometry. Rooted in the Van Hiele Theory of Geometric Thinking, GeoPIC was initially developed to integrate the strengths of both Conventional Van Hiele Phased Instruction and its technology enhanced variant while addressing their contextual limitations. Building on prior empirical findings, the paper deepens the framework’s theoretical foundations, clarifies its six instructional phases, and illustrates how it aligns with the principles of Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). Additionally, it offers brief, practical classroom scenarios to illustrate the application of each phase. The refined framework provides a dynamic, adaptive, and learner-centered instructional approach that facilitates progression through Van Hiele levels while accommodating diverse classroom contexts.
Examining Learner-Centered Modes of Assessment: Perspectives from the 2014 South Sudan National Curriculum Framework
(American Journal of Education and Practice, 2026) Kilonga, Rose Hezekiah Jonathan; Kemeza, Imelda; Mwesgwa, Alice
Purpose: To explore learner-centered modes of assessment employed in 15 randomly selected public and private secondary schools within Juba City following the implementation of the competency-based curriculum. Methodology: The study employed a mixed methods convergent parallel design. A total of 225 teachers were randomly selected to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Interviews were conducted with 16 teachers, 13 head teachers, and three officials from the National Examination Council (NEC) in the Ministry of General Education and Instruction (MoGEI), while focus group discussions involved 42 science and humanities teachers. Participants for the interviews and focus group discussions were purposively selected. The questionnaire attained a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.88, an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.916 for test-retest reliability, and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75 for internal consistency. Findings: Teachers employed various learner centered modes of assessment, primarily through formative assessment conducted continuously using questioning, class exercises, assignments/homework, and presentations to evaluate learners’ understanding of the topics taught. Summative assessment was administered through examinations, with final evaluations incorporating scores from both formative and summative assessments. However, traditional and individualistic assessment methods continued to dominate, with minimal application of authentic, process-oriented assessments. The findings further revealed that only a limited number of teachers had received training in learner-centered modes of assessment. Recommendations: The study recommended the application of the full range of formative assessment approaches, including the use of portfolios, as well as continuous professional development for teachers on learner-centered modes of assessment.
Long-Term Drought Variability in Southwestern Uganda: A Comparative Analysis of Ground and Satellite Rainfall Data for Mbarara
(East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, 2026) Mutabazi, Tom; Nuwagira, Upton; Habyarimana, Valence; Mubiru, David; Muheki, Priscilla; Kampire, Jackline; Ntegyerize, Yonah; Munyarugero, Emmanuel
This study analysed drought occurrence in Mbarara District using ground-based observations and satellite-derived rainfall estimates from the Climate Hazards Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data (for the period 1981–2024) and the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) datasets (1998–2023). A comparison between satellite-derived and in-situ rainfall data was performed using simple linear regression and error metrics, while seasonal trends were assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Theil-Sen methods. Results show that CHIRPS strongly agrees with ground-based observations (R2 ∼ 0.93, RMSE ≈ 32.6 mm, PBIAS = 6.5%), while CMORPH exhibited weaker agreement (R2 ∼ 0.47, RMSE ≈ 42.9 mm, PBIAS = −17.0%). Drought characterisation using the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) reveals distinct drought episodes experienced during 1984–1993, 1999–2004, 2009–2013, 2017, and 2022–2024. Analysis of seasonal rainfall variability shows a non-significant decrease in rainfall during the September-October November (SON) season. This study provides one of the longest station satellite-validated drought analyses for southwestern Uganda using CHIRPS data. The observed patterns and episodic drought events highlight a need to strengthen adaptive strategies in agriculture and water resource management to mitigate the socioeconomic impacts of drought in the region.
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal fern species used by communities bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve, Western Uganda.
(Tropical Medicine and Health, 2026) Nuwamanya, Herbert; Kagoro- Rugunda, Grace; Wangalwa, Raphael; Olet, Eunice Apio
Introduction Across the globe, traditional medicine, particularly herbal remedies, is a cornerstone of healthcare. While the medicinal uses of ferns are widely recognised globally, their therapeutic potential in Uganda remains significantly underexplored compared to higher plants. This limited research creates critical gap in our understanding of the medicinal capacities of ferns, leading to their neglect in drug development. The main aim of this study therefore was to document the medicinal fern species and their uses in communities bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve (KCFR). Methods An ethnobotanical survey was conducted for three months (October, November, and December), 2024 in twenty villages bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve (KCFR) in Kyamuhunga. The study utilized a semi structured questionnaire and face to face interviews with 71 key informants to collect data on use of ferns in herbal medicine. The questionnaire data was analysed using various ethnobotanical indices, including Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Use Value (UV), Relative Importance (RI), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Results ARTICLE IN PRESS Six fern species were documented for use in herbal medicine by communities around KCFR, and Pteridium capense was the most cited species. The use value (UV) index was highest for P. capense (0.72). The informant consensus factor (ICF) was highest for musculoskeletal illnesses (1.00), and the fidelity level (FL) was highest for Hypolepis sparsisora for treating burns (100%). Fronds were the most used part of the ferns in herbal medicine (76.06%), and dermal (smearing and rubbing) was the most common route of administration (57.75%). . Conclusions Medicinal ferns are an important component of traditional herbal medicine in communities bordering KCFR. The study documented different medicinal fern species for treating various ailments in communities bordering KCFR. Pteridium capense was the most frequently cited species, used to treat various illnesses. These findings highlight the significant ethnobotanical knowledge of the local communities and suggest that further research into the pharmacological properties of these fern species, especially P. capense, is warranted. Further research should characterize and elucidate bioactive compounds responsible for such therapeutic values.
Contrasting patterns of trematode and host snail dispersal across clusters of tropical crater lakes
(Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2026-08-24) Hammoud, Cyril; Bocxlaer, Bert Van; Tumusiime, Julius; Verschuren, Dirk; Albrecht, Christian; Umba-Tolo, Casim; Huyse, Tine
Background Comparing the genetic diversity and population structure of parasites and their hosts can improve understanding of their respective methods of dispersal, demographic histories, and factors driving genetic differentia tion. In parasite taxa such as trematodes which have both intermediate and final hosts, comparative population-level analyses may also inform how each host influences gene flow among parasite populations. Here we aimed to assess how intermediate and final hosts influence trematode dispersal by examining the population genetic structure of the aquatic snail Bulinus tropicus and three trematodes that use it as intermediate host. Methods We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to simultaneously genotype populations of B. tropicus in two clusters of crater lakes in western Uganda (823 snails, 15 lakes) and three infecting trematode taxa (Petasiger sp., Echinoparyphium sp. and Plagiorchioidea sp.). For each taxon, we quantified genetic diversity in three mitochondrial markers and used analyses of molecular variance to test whether populations were genetically differentiated. Results Populations of B. tropicus were strongly genetically differentiated among individual crater lakes and lake clus ters (ΦST = 0.78), indicating limited inter-lake dispersal. Petasiger sp. haplotype diversity was on average twice as high as that of its intermediate snail host and did not display genetic structuring among lakes (ΦST = 0.01). This parasite can therefore overcome the dispersal barriers encountered by its snail host, likely facilitated by mobile avian hosts, result ing in a single ‘panmictic’ region-wide population. Contrastingly, Echinoparyphium trematodes displayed less genetic diversity and significant genetic differentiation among lakes (ΦST = 0.35), likely due to limited final host mobility. Finally, Plagiorchioidea sp. was restricted to five neighbouring lakes, and a single haplotype was identified in the 217 infected snails analysed, implying recent introduction into the crater lakes. Conclusions Contrasting patterns of genetic diversity and population structure among three parasitic trematodes and their common intermediate snail host illustrate how multi-host life cycles mediate dispersal dynamics and gen erate distinct evolutionary outcomes in hydrographically fragmented aquatic habitats. These findings demonstrate how multi-host life cycles shape parasite connectivity and evolution, and show that comparative population genetics can provide valuable insights into the dispersal ecology of understudied parasite species.
Artificial intelligence-based enhancement of mammography interpretation for early breast cancer diagnosis.
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-09) Debrah, Ebenezer Lartey
Breast cancer is a major global health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Projections show annual cases will surpass 3 million by 2040, underscoring the urgent need for accurate and accessible diagnostic tools. Although mammography is the most common screening method, its accuracy can be compromised by issues such as tissue superposition and interpreter variability, especially in low-resource settings. "This study developed artificial intelligence-based algorithms to enhance early and accurate breast cancer detection from mammograms. A mixed-method approach was adopted, beginning with a systematic literature review to identify state-of-the-art AI techniques in breast cancer diagnosis. Based on these insights, several deep learning-based algorithms were designed and developed to enhance mammogram quality and support diagnostic classification. The models were trained and evaluated using publicly available mammography datasets. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements in classification and visualization. Enhanced VGG19 achieved strong sensitivity for malignant case detection, the Cycle GAN framework produced state-of-the-art classification performance with high accuracy and AUC, and Mammogan•14 delivered near-perfect diagnostic accuracy of 0.9849, sensitivity' Of 0.9717, specificity of 1.000, and an AUC of 0.9985. Collectively, all models offered clinically feasible inference times, making them suitable for real-world applications. In conclusion, this research bridges the gap between AI innovation and clinical practice, particularly in settings with limited resources. Future work should focus on hybrid approaches that integrate deep learning with traditional machine learning techniques to strengthen robustness, improve interpretability, and ensure trustworthy deployment in clinical environments.
Association between total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio and Probable dementia among older people: A cross-sectional study in Southwestern Uganda
(Aging and Health Research, 2026-10-23) Ishimwe, Dianah; Bagenda, Charles Nkubi; Tushemerirwe, Ruth; Namugangu, Jacinta; Mungufeni, Rogers; Unzima, Patrick; Ssemwanga, Elastus; Nantongo, Carol; Mugisa, Michael Junior; Mudondo, Hope; Ampaire, Lucas; Muwanguzi, Enoch; Abaasa, Catherine; Ojuko, Samuel; Sempijja, Fred; Oyuru, Amos; Musinguzi, Benson; Akiteng, Winnie; Osuwat, Lawrence Obado; Rugera, Simon Peter; Tusubira, Deusdedit
Background: Dementia is a condition characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities that exceeds what could normally be anticipated due to the natural process of ageing. This study assessed the association of serum lipoproteins with probable dementia among older people in Rukiga District, South-western Uganda. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study in Rukiga District, South-western Uganda. The study was conducted from February 15, 2025 to March, 29, 2025 among 272 individuals 60 years of age and above who were selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire supplemented with information from participant’s medical records and a brief community screening instrument for dementia. Anthropometric measurements were taken and a blood sample was drawn for laboratory measurement of serum lipoproteins. Results: Of 272 participants, 45 (16.5%) had probable dementia. Participants with probable dementia had significantly higher total cholesterol levels (median: 172 mg/dL, IQR: 140–199) compared to those without probable dementia (156 mg/dL, IQR: 134–183, p=0.019). In multivariable analysis, total cholesterol to HDL- cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.25, p=0.027), age;(aOR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.16–1.39 ratio was significantly associated with probable dementia. Conclusions: Probable dementia was relatively common among community-dwelling older adults in Southwestern Uganda. TC/HDL-C ratio, advancing age, and low physical activity levels are potentially associated with probable dementia. We recommend future studies incorporating standardized clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia to confirm these findings.
Validation Of the 350 km Effective Height of the Ionosphere for the Low Latitude Region of East Africa
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2024-09) Opio, Phillip
The centroid of mass of the ionosphere lies in the region that contains the highest concentration of electrons. The height from the Earth's surface to the point where the centroid is located is called the effective height of the ionosphere. The effective height is useful for aspects such as mapping the Total Electron Content (TEC) Over a given region, calibration Of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, and satellite navigation augmentation among others. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the ionosphere, the effective height varies from one place to another. This variation is particularly pronounced in the low-latitude regions which have high electrodynamic activity. The high electrodynamic activity may render the value Of the effective height used in most models and algorithms unsuitable for the low latitude region, particularly the East African region. In this study, the 350 km effective height of the ionosphere used in many ionospheric algorithms was validated for the East African region. This was determined using data from GNSS receivers and Ionosondes in the region. Another technique that utilizes the GNSS receivers aboard the swarm satellites was introduced to supplement the existing GNSS-TEC methods. The results show that the effective height over the East African region lies in a range of 350 km to 500 km, with a modal value of 400 km. The effective height of the ionosphere exhibit temporal variations, where the day-time values are higher than the night-time values, with the peak appearing between 09:00 UT and 16:00 UT. The seasonal variation showed slightly higher values in the equinox months than in the solstice months. The spatial variation Of the effective height shows an asymmetry between the trough and the crest of the anomaly region, with higher values at the equator during the day-time and vice versa at night. The model predicted values of effective height were validated against the height of the peak electron density (hmF2) obtained from ionosondes for the month of April 2024. The predicted values are in good agreement with the measured values, and performed slightly better than International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) values especially in the day-time ionosphere. The good agreement between the predicted values and observations suggest that, the model may be used to predict the effective height over a place in the East African region where observations are not available. The results showed that while the value of 350 km can still be used for the nighttime ionosphere, the most appropriate value for the East African region is 400 km.
A deep learning model for early prediction and diagnosis of late blight disease in irish potatoes.
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-08) Turihohabwe, Jack
Introduction: According to the Centre International potato, the Irish potato is a popular crop in Uganda with a great value for income generation and improving nutrition. The Ugandan government has declared the Irish potato a key crop for the country. Despite Irish potatoes being a key crop in Uganda, diseases are a challenge in their growth, growth most especially the late blight disease. Problem: Late blight of Irish potato disease causes 60 percent damage to Irish potatoes and this has affected the production of Irish potatoes in Uganda due to misdiagnosis and inaccurate prediction of the disease. AI models have been providing significant results ill the improvement of disease prediction and diagnosis but Datasets of an African Origin and Uganda in particular still remain a challenge. The main objective: T110 main objective of this research is to develop a deep learning model powered mini pathogen Laboratory to improve early prediction and accurate diagnosis of late blight disease in Irish potatoes in Kigezi-Uganda. Methodology: The methodology used in this study was Design Science methodology and Artificial Intelligence approaches for model development. This achieved development of a deep learning model powered Irish potato Mini Pathogen lab. Results: This application achieved a lot of success in its evaluation with minimum accuracy of 94% and maximum accuracy ranging from 98% to 100% thus contributing to bridging the accuracy gap of East Africa which 6.5% to 7% by closing it by 5.5% and closing in to the global accuracy of 99.56% On particular experiments. Conclusion: The deep learning model powered Irish potato Mini Pathogen lab helped extension workers to conveniently and cheaply carryout experiments on late blight dis- ease early prediction and accurate diagnosis. Future works: Future research should be done in further crop science to experiment with the model and give specific recommended on specific herbicides to treat late blight. late and specific predict ion on spraying schedules. More investigation should be done in unleashing the black-box to make future models more explainable.
Red blood cell alloantibodies in transfused patients with haematological malignancies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital and the Uganda Cancer Institute: Prevalence, specificities and associated factors
(Vox Sanguinis, 2026) Taremwa, Ivan Mugisha; Niyonzima, Nixon; Ashaba, Scholastic; Kemigisha, Elizabeth; Tusubira, Deusdedit; Okongo, Benson; Nambozi, Grace; Choi, May Y.; Jenne, Craig N.; Marle, Guido van; Natukunda, Bernard
Background and Objectives: Patients with haematological malignancies often require blood transfusion support. Multiple allogeneic blood transfusions may result in alloimmunization, complicating future transfusions. This study determined alloantibody prevalence, specificities and factors associated with the presence of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies among transfused patients with haematological malignancies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) and the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among patients with haematological malignancies who had been multiply transfused and were seeking cancer care at MRRH and the UCI, in Uganda. Patient plasma was screened for the presence of RBC alloantibodies using haemagglutination testing with a 3-cell commercial reagent RBC and antibody identification with 11-cell antibody panels. Results: A total of 427 patients with a median age of 36 (inter-quartile range: 26 56 years) were investigated. Twenty-five participants (5.9%) possessed RBC alloantibodies whose specificities were as follows: anti-C, two; anti-D, four; anti-E, six; anti-K, four; and anti-c, anti-Fya, anti-Jka, anti-Lea and anti-M, one each. Four patients possessed pan-reactive antibodies. Patients with chronic cancer (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–7.21), leukaemia (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.81–4.03), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.69–5.11), antibiotic use (AOR = 5.08, 95% CI: 2.11–7.41) and a history of ≥5 transfusions were significantly associated with RBC alloimmunization (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: RBC alloimmunization prevalence was 5.9% and associated with clinical and transfusion-related factors. Alloantibodies to Rh, Kell, MNS, Duffy, Kidd and Lewis blood group systems were detected, underscoring the need for improved pre transfusion testing in Uganda.
Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Hippocampal SRPX2 Expression and Reactive Astrocytosis in an Acrolein-Induced Alzheimer’s-Like Rat Model
(Cureus, 2026-11-04) Kamoga, Ronald; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Kalungi, Samuel; Obungoloch, Johnes; Tayebwa, Amon; Nakidde, Gladys; Obua, Celestino; Ihunwo, Amadi O.
Introduction Acrolein, a highly reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation, is elevated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and has been shown to induce AD-like synaptic and cognitive deficits in experimental models. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a noninvasive neuromodulatory intervention with potential cognitive and anti-inflammatory effects. Sushi repeat-containing protein X-linked 2 (SRPX2) is a neuronal complement inhibitor that contributes to synaptic protection by limiting complement mediated synapse elimination. However, the regulation of SRPX2 in acrolein-induced AD-like pathology and its modulation by taVNS remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of taVNS on hippocampal SRPX2 expression and reactive astrocytosis in an acrolein-induced AD-like rat model. Methods Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly assigned to an acrolein-exposed cohort (n = 21) or a non-exposed control group (n = 7). Acrolein-exposed rats were further divided into three groups: acrolein-only, sham stimulation of the greater auricular nerve, and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) of the auricular branch (n = 7 per group). Acrolein was administered by oral gavage at 2.5 mg/kg/day for eight weeks. Sham stimulation and taVNS were subsequently administered for four weeks at 25 Hz, 0.8 mA, and one hour/day. Hippocampal SRPX2 gene expression was quantified using real-time PCR, while reactive astrocytosis was evaluated using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Results Acrolein exposure significantly increased hippocampal SRPX2 expression and GFAP-defined reactive astrocytosis compared with non-exposed controls. taVNS significantly reduced SRPX2 expression toward control levels (mean ± SD: 0.48 ± 0.17; p = 0.0075). In addition, taVNS reduced the density of GFAP-positive astrocytes and decreased GFAP staining intensity compared with the acrolein-only condition. Conclusions taVNS attenuated acrolein-induced AD-like hippocampal pathology, as evidenced by reduced SRPX2 expression and reactive astrocytosis. These findings suggest that taVNS may have therapeutic potential as a noninvasive neuromodulatory intervention targeting complement-related neuron-glia mechanisms in sporadic AD. Further studies are warranted to clarify the mechanistic relationship between SRPX2, complement signaling, astrocytic activation, and the neuroprotective effects of taVNS.