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Recent Submissions

Co-evolution, organizational capacity building, logistics capabilities and operational agility during health emergencies
(International Journal of Emergency Services, 2024) Mutebi, Henry; Muhwezi, Moses; Byarugaba, Pontius; Mayanja, Ssekajja S.; Aryatwijuka, Wilbroad; Munduru, Sharon Brenda
Purpose– Globally, health care facilities often fail to respond quickly to health emergencies, resulting in significant deaths. Thus, the study examines the mediating effect of logistics capabilities in the relationship between co-evolution, organization capacity building and operational agility. Design/methodology/approach–SmartPLS4.0.8.3,variance-basedstructuralequation models (VB-SEM) were used to test direct and indirect hypotheses across 45 health facilities. The respondents were 140 nurses and doctors. Disproportionate stratified simple random sampling was used based on government and private health facilities in Kampala City, Uganda. Findings–A significant and positive relationship exists between logistics capability and operational agility. However, co-evolution and organizational capacity are intimately linked to operational agility via logistics capability. Research limitations/implications– A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted using self administered questionnaires. The results did not show any variation in the operational agility of health facilities during emergency management; thus, qualitative approaches are needed. Practical implications– During emergency management, health facilities need to cooperate by sharing information, building capacity to increase their responsiveness and flexibility. This should be done by sharing equipment, tools, drugs and medical supplies, and we hope to encourage joint medical research. Originality/value– A complex adaptive systems(CAS) frame work is used in this study to examine how co evolution, organizational capacity building and logistical capability relate to the operational agility of healthcare during times of emergency.
Coordination and disaster response: A humanitarian organizational network perspective in Uganda
(Journal of Emergency Management and Disaster Communications, 2024) Masaba, Ayub Kutosi; Aryatwijuka, Wilbrod; Ntayi, Joseph M.; Bagire, Vincent
This paper examined the relationship between humanitarian organizational network, coordination and disaster response in Uganda. Contextually, most research in the area of disaster management rotates around the entire disaster management process/stages. There is inadequate research that tends to study a single stage in the disaster management cycle especially the response stage. Additionally, there are limited studies that have been conducted in developing countries like Uganda, most studies have been and continue to be conducted in highly disaster-prepared, coordinated and developed states. The study used a cross-sectional survey design in which quantitative methods were applied. Findings indicate that coordination positively influenced disaster response. Based on the literature and findings, the study concludes that disaster response is dependent on coordination. The study recommends that responding organizations should establish clear communication channels, build trust and social capital, and ensure that there is learning and adaptation to complex disaster environments. This will lead to better coordination within the humanitarian organizational networks and in turn successful disaster response operations.
Network Structure in Disaster Response: The Mediating Role of Coordination Within a Humanitarian Organizational Network in Uganda
(International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 2026) Masaba, Ayub Kutosi; Aryatwijuka, Wilbroad; Ntayi, Joseph M.; Bagire, Vincent
There is limited academic endeavour to study the mediating role of coordination in the relation ship between network structure and disaster response in the context of humanitarian organisations. Furthermore, much of the research focuses on identifying challenges rather than offering deeper insights about this study. Moreover, most disaster management research centres on Western countries with well-established response systems and planned coordination. This overlooks the unique realities of less developed countries, such as Uganda, where humanitarian contexts are more com plex and response systems are less organised. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design, utilising quantitative methods. A survey was conducted using questionnaires administered to seventy (70) humanitarian organisations, particularly those that participated in the three (3) Ugandan disasters highlighted in this study. Findings suggest that the structure of the humanitarian organisational network impacts disaster response, and coordination mediates the relationship between network structure and disaster response. The study concludes that disaster response is dependent on a well-structured humanitarian organisational network, and without coordination, disaster response efforts are likely to be ineffective. This study further provides both theoretical and practical implications, especially for disaster scholars and practitioners in developing countries
Facilitators and barriers to nurses’ adherence to traumatic brain injury management guidelines at the accident and emergency unit in a national referral hospital in Uganda: a qualitative study
(BMJ open, 2026) Nyakuni, Peter; Mubuuke, Aloysius Gonzaga; Izudi, Jonathan; Ngabirano, Tom Denis; Mpirirwe, Ruth; Muwanguzi, Patience
Objective This study explored the facilitators and barriers to adherence to traumatic brain injury management guidelines among nurses at the accident and emergency unit in a national referral hospital in Uganda. Design An exploratory qualitative study was conducted among nurses. Data collection and analysis were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Setting The study was conducted in the Accident and Emergency unit at the Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Participants The participants included nurses working at the Accident and Emergency unit of Mulago National Referral Hospital. Results 15 nurses were enrolled in the study, but transcripts for 13 of them were analysed as two audio recordings were corrupted before transcription. The facilitators of TBI management guidelines included the perceived simplicity of stepwise assessment, nurses’ motivation, experience and knowledge of TBI care, supportive peer relationships and nurses’ ability to adapt during emergencies. Conversely, barriers to TBI management guidelines included inaccessible or outdated protocols, severe understaffing, inadequate in- service training, shortages of equipment, sundries and medicines, delays in imaging fee- waiver processes, limited dissemination of TBI guidelines, external pressure from political actors and family members, overcrowding, unpredictable patient surges and difficulty maintaining monitoring fidelity. Conclusion Nurses’ adherence to TBI management guidelines was shaped by the interaction between individual commitment, guideline accessibility and the wider emergency care environment.
Asteroseismology of HD 23734, HD 68703, and HD 73345 using K2 –TESS space-based photometry and high-resolution spectroscopy
(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2025) Santosh, Joshi; Dileep, Athul; Semenko, Eugene; Sarkar, Mrinmoy; Otto, Trust; Peter, De Cat; Lampens, Patricia; Dupret, Marc-Antoine; Ghosh, Surath C.; Mkrtichian, David; Vanrespaille, Mathijs; Sugyan, Parida; Yadav, Abhay Pratap; Pramod, Kumar S.; Goswami, P. P.; Riyas, Muhammed; Karinkuzhi, Drisya
In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of three stars, HD 23734, HD 68703, and HD 73345, which were previously observed as chemically peculiar candidates within the Nainital-Cape survey and reported as null results for the pulsational variability. Frequency analyses of K2 and TESS time-series photometric data reveal the co-existence of rotational modulation and pulsation. We use the spectrum synthesis technique to determine fundamental parameters and chemical composition, which shows that all the three stars are likely to be chemically normal. The evolutionary status of the target stars corresponds to the main-sequence phases and places them within the δ Scuti instability strip of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. The line profile variability is observed in all three stars, especially intriguing in HD 68703 and a typical signature of the non-radial pulsation, demands further detailed examination. Using TESS photometry, we identified the radial modes of orders n = 3 and 4 for HD 23734, n = 1, 3, and 4 for HD 68703, and n = 3, 4, and 5 for HD 73345. In addition to the presence of pulsation and rotation, HD 73345 exhibits a steady increase in radial velocity that we interpret as the star being likely to be part of a long-period binary system. Finally, we propose an extended campaign aimed for the in-depth spectroscopic and spectropolarimetric study of selected pulsating stars monitored under the Nainital-Cape survey project.
Asteroseismology of the mild Am δ Sct star HD 118660: TESS photometry and modelling
(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2024) Sarkar, Mrinmoy; Santosh, Joshi; Dupret, Marc-Antoine; Otto, Trust; Peter, De Cat; Semenko, Eugene; Lampens, Patricia; Goswami, Aruna; Mkrtichian, David; Karinkuzhi, Drisya; Yakunin, Ilya; Gupta, Archana
We present the results of an asteroseismic study of HD 118660 (TIC 171729860), being a chemically peculiar (mild Am) star exhibiting δ Scuti ( δ Sct) pulsations. It is based on the analysis of two sectors of time-series photometry from the space mission TESS ( Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite ) and seismic modelling. It yielded the detection of 15 and 16 frequencies for TESS sectors 23 and 50, respectively. The identified pulsation modes include four radial ( ℓ = 0) and five dipolar ( ℓ = 1) ones. The radial modes are o vertones with order n ranging from 3 and 6. Such high values of n are theoretically not expected for stars with the effective temperature of HD 118660 ( T eff ≈ 7550 K) located near the red edge of the δ Sct instability strip. To estimate the asteroseismic parameters, we have generated a grid of stellar models assuming a solar metallicity ( Z = 0 . 014) and different values for the convective overshooting parameter (0 . 1 ≤ αov ≤ 0 . 3). We conclude that the analysis of the radial modes is insufficient to constrain αov and Z for δ Sct stars. The value for the equatorial velocity of HD 118660 derived from the seismic radius and the rotational frequency is consistent with values found in the literature
Unveiling the Variability and Chemical Composition of ALCol
(Galaxies, 2025) Ghosh, Surath C.; Santosh, Joshi; Samrat, Ghosh; Dileep, Athul; Otto, Trust; Sarkar, Mrinmoy; Guzmán, Jaime Andrés Rosales; Castro-Toledo, Nicolás Esteban; Malkov, Oleg; Singh, Harinder P.; Kefeng, Tan; Bedi, Sarabjeet S.
In this study, we present analysis of TESS photometry, spectral energy distribution (SED), high-resolution spectroscopy, and spot modeling of the α2 CVn-type star ALCol (HD46462). The primary objective is to determine its fundamental physical parameters and investigate its surface activity characteristics. Using TESS short-cadence (120s) SAP flux, we identified a rotational frequency of 0.09655d−1 (Prot = 10.35733d). Wavelet analysis reveals that while the amplitudes of the harmonic components vary over time, the strength of the primary rotational frequency remains stable. A SED analysis of multi-band photometric data yields Academic Editor: MargoAller Received: 17June2025 Revised: 1August2025 Accepted: 5August2025 Published: 14 August2025 Citation: Ghosh, S.C.;Joshi, S.; Ghosh,S.; Dileep, A.; Trust, O.; Sarkar, M.; Rosales Guzmán,J.A.; Castro-Toledo, N.E.; Malkov, O.; Singh, H.P.; et al. Unveiling the Variability and Chemical Composition of ALCol. Galaxies 2025, 13, 93. https:// doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13040093 Copyright: ©2025bytheauthors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). an effective temperature (Teff) of 11,750K. High-resolution spectroscopic observations covering wave length range 4500–7000Å provide refined estimates of Teff = 13,814 ± 400K, log g= 4.09 ± 0.08dex, and υsini = 16 ± 1kms−1. Abundance analysis shows solar-like composition of OII, MgII, SII, and CaII, while helium is under-abundant by 0.62dex. Rare earth elements (REEs) exhibit over-abundances of up to 5.2dex, classifying the star as an Ap/Bp-type star. ALCol has a radius of R = 3.74 ± 0.48R⊙, with its H–R diagram position estimating a mass of M = 4.2 ± 0.2M⊙ and an age of 0.12 ± 0.01 Gyr, indicating that the star has slightly evolved from the main sequence. The TESS light curves were modeled using a three-evolving-spot configuration, suggesting the presence of differential rotation. This star is a promising candidate for future investigations of magnetic field diagnostics and the vertical stratification of chemical elements in its atmosphere.
Chemical abundances and Doppler imaging of the Ap Si/He-wk star HD 100357
(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2025) Dileep, Athul; Santosh, Joshi; Sofya, Alexeeva; Kochukhov, Oleg; Semenko, Eugene; Peter, De Cat; Zuniga-Fernandez, Sebastian; Otto, Trust; Pollard, Karen; Crause, Lisa; Barkaoui, Khalid; Gillon, Michael; Jehin, Emmanuel; Rathore, Neeraj
We present the results of time-resolved photometry, abundance analysis, and Doppler imaging of an Ap star, HD 100357. The TESS photometry revealed rotational modulation with a period of 1.6279247 d. Upon inspecting the residuals after removing the rotational period and its harmonics, we found additional frequencies around 15.8054 d−1 , which we later confirmed with ground-based observations as originating from a nearby star. Using high-resolution spectroscopy, we identified HD 100357 as an Ap Si/He-wk star exhibiting rotational modulation caused by surface abundance spots. The stellar parameters of HD 100357 were determined as Teff = 11 850 K, log g = 4.57, υ sin i = 60 km s−1 , and an inclination angle i = 72◦. The detailed abundance analysis revealed strongly overabundant stratified silicon, an overabundance of iron-peak elements and rare earth elements combined with remarkably deficient helium. Mapping of Fe and Cr abundances revealed the existence of ring-shaped regions with a lower concentration of the elements. Their geometry might reflect the orientation of the hypothetical magnetic field of the star, oriented ∼ 90◦ to the rotational axis. HD 100357, with its strong chemical peculiarities and indications of possible magnetic fields, represents an interesting candidate for follow-up spectropolarimetric observations aimed at investigating its magnetic field topology and stellar activity.
Revisiting the exoplanet radius valley with host stars from SWEET-Cat
(Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2026) Kamulali, J.; Adibekyan, V.; Nsamba, B.; Sousa, S. G.; Campante, T. L.; Weiss, A.; Kabugho, B.; Moedas, N.; Santos, N. C.; Otto, Trust
Context. The radius valley, a deficit in the number of planets with radii around 2 R⊕, was observed among exoplanets that have sizes of ≲5 R⊕ and orbital periods of <100 days by NASA’s Kepler mission. This feature separates two distinct populations: super-Earths (rocky planets with radii ≲1.9 R⊕) and sub-Neptunes (planets with substantial volatile envelopes and radii ≳2 R⊕). The valley has been proposed to stem from either planet formation conditions or evolutionary atmospheric loss processes. Disentangling these mechanisms has led to numerous studies of population-level trends, although the resulting interpretations remain sensitive to sample selection and the robustness of host-star parameters. Aims. Our aim is to re-examine the existence and depth of the radius valley, and how its location varies with orbital period, incident flux, stellar mass, and stellar age. Methods. We derived robust fundamental stellar parameters of 1221 main-sequence stars (hosting 1405 confirmed planets) from the SWEET-Cat database using a grid-based machine-learning tool (MAISTEP), which incorporates effective temperatures and metallicities from spectroscopy, as well as Gaia-based luminosities. Our analysis covers stars with effective temperatures between 4400 and 7500 K (FGK spectral types) and estimated radii between 0.62 and 2.75 R⊙. We attained a median uncertainty of 2% in both stellar radius and stellar mass. Combining the updated stellar radii with planet-to-star radius ratios from the NASA Exoplanet Archive, we recomputed the planetary radii, achieving a median uncertainty of 5%. Results. Our findings confirm a partially filled planet radius valley near 2 R⊕. The valley depends on the orbital period, incident flux, and stellar mass, with slopes of −0.12+0.02 −0.01, 0.10+0.02−0.03, 0.19+0.09−0.07, respectively. We also find a stronger mass-dependent trend in average sizes of sub-Neptunes than super-Earths of slopes 0.17+0.04−0.04 and 0.11+0.05−0.05, respectively. With stellar age, the super-Earth/sub-Neptunenumber ratio increases from 0.51+0.11−0.08 (<3 Gyr) to 0.64+0.11−0.11 (≥3 Gyr). In addition, the valley becomes shallower and shifts to larger radii, indicating age-dependent evolution in planet sizes. A four-dimensional (planet radius, orbital period, stellar mass, and stellar age) linear fit of the valley in log–log space produces slopes in orbital period and stellar mass that are consistent with the results from the two-dimensional analyses, and a weaker slope of 0.07+0.03−0.04 in stellar age. Conclusions. The valley’s shift and shallowing over gigayear timescales point to prolonged atmospheric loss, which is consistent with a core-powered mass-loss scenario. Our findings also highlight the importance of stellar age in the interpretation of exoplanet demographics and motivate improved age determinations, as is expected from future missions such as PLATO.
A mobile teaching-learning framework for bridging the agricultural extension gap in resource constrained areas a case study of Kigezi sub-region
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-09) Kobusiingye, Florah
This study aimed to develop a mobile teaching-learning framework to bridge the agricultural extension gap in Uganda's Kigezi sub-region by enhancing knowledge access, interaction, and usability through mobile technology. The study was guided by four complementary theories. The Agricultural Knowledge and Information System for Rural Development (AKIS/RD) outlined the key actors; farmers, extension officers, input suppliers, researchers, and district production/marketing officers, and their roles within the agricultural knowledge system. The Mobile Learning Theory informed the structure and interconnectivity of these actors, emphasizing anytime-anywhere access to information and peer-supported learning. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) shaped the evaluation of user acceptance by examining behavioral intention. performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and enabling conditions. Finally, prat et al.'s (2014) Artifact Evaluation Framework guided the validation of the framework's conceptual integrity through expert reviews along five dimensions: Goal, Environment, Structure, Activity, and Evolution. Anchored in a pragmatic philosophical orientation, the study adopted a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches to develop and evaluate the framework. The research progressed through problem identification, stakeholder consultations, framework design using Unified Modeling Language (UML), prototype development (Agricaccess mobile application), and two-tier evaluation: expert review and field deployment. Data was collected from 10 domain experts through a semi-structured questionnaire, and m 17 agricultural value chain actors using UTAUT-based closed-ended questionnaires and usage logs. Analysis employed descriptive statistics such as means, percentages, frequencies, and standard deviations. Findings showed high performance expectancy (M = 4.41, SD 0.68) and effort expectancy (M = 4.10, SD 0.72), indicating strong belief in the app's usefulness and usability. social influence (M = 3.70, SD = 0.81) and facilitating conditions (M = 3.83, SD = 0.76) revealed areas for infrastructure improvement. System analytics confirmed the framework's practicality. The Advisory Q&A and Training & Knowledge Sharing modules had the highest engagement, with session durations of 12.5 and 15.2 minutes respectively, and task completion rate of 93%. Offline usage was particularly important in low-connectivity areas, and retention was strongest for advisory (87%) and input supply (84%) modules. These findings affirmed the feasibility, relevance, and user-centeredness of the developed Mobile Teaching-Learning Framework (MTLF). The study recommends policy adoption of MTLF to scale digital extension in highland and underserved regions, as well as local capacity building for both farmers and extension agents. Investments in rural digital infrastructure, localized content, and multi-language support are critical for inclusive adoption. future research should explore the integration of financial tools, and climate adaptation services within the framework for broader impact and sustainability. These findings affirm that the mobile Teaching-Learning Framework (MTLF), operationalized through the Agricaccess app, is a feasible, acceptable, and scalable solution for strengthening agricultural extension in rural, resource constrained regions.
Ground and Space-based response of the ionosphere during the geomagnetic storm of 02–06 November 2021 over the low-latitudes across different longitudes
(Advances in Space Research, 2024) Aol, Sharon; Habyarimana, Valence; Mungufeni, Patrick; Buchert, Stephan C.; Habarulema, John Bosco
The strong geomagnetic storm of class G3 that occurred on 03 November 2021 (Dst min = 118 nT, Kp = 8) was the first of this class recorded during the ascending phase of solar cycle 25. In this study, we examined the response of the ionosphere during the geo magnetic storm period from 02–06 November 2021 using the Total Electron Content (TEC) observations from a chain of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver stations in five longitudinal sectors i.e, Asian, East-African, West-African, South-American, and Pacific-west sectors, in the low-latitudes and space-based Swarm satellite electron density, Ne and TEC measurements. The Rate of Change of TEC Index (ROTI) was derived from the ground and space-based TEC measurements to examine the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities. The Rate of change of electron density index (RODI) was also derived from Swarm Ne measurements to identify the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities at Swarm altitudes. A positive ionospheric storm effect was observed in all the longitudinal sectors considered in this study. A clear hemispherical asymmetry, with higher VTEC in the northern hemisphere was observed. The determining factors for ionospheric responses to this storm are; local time of the storm’s onset, local time of storm’s minimum SYM H, and changes in thermospheric O=N2 ratio. These geomagnetic storm effects were discussed in terms of the Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF) storm induced wind lifting effect and Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field (DDEF). The geomagnetic storm inhibited the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities in all the sectors, during the main phase, except for three IGS receiver stations in South American sector. Overall, a longitudinal dependence of the enhancement/inhibition of ionospheric irregularities was observed. The generation of post-sunset irregularities was attributed to the local time occurrence of maximum ring current, PPEF and DDEF.
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Refining and Expanding the Geometry Pedagogical Improvement Cycle (GeoPIC): A Conceptual Contribution to Competency-Based Geometry Instruction
(Journal of Research innovation and Implications in Education, 2026) Ndungo, Issa; Balimuttajjo, Sudi; Akugizibwe, Edwin
This conceptual paper refines and expands the Geometry Pedagogical Improvement Cycle (GeoPIC), a framework designed to improve the teaching and learning of geometry. Rooted in the Van Hiele Theory of Geometric Thinking, GeoPIC was initially developed to integrate the strengths of both Conventional Van Hiele Phased Instruction and its technology enhanced variant while addressing their contextual limitations. Building on prior empirical findings, the paper deepens the framework’s theoretical foundations, clarifies its six instructional phases, and illustrates how it aligns with the principles of Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). Additionally, it offers brief, practical classroom scenarios to illustrate the application of each phase. The refined framework provides a dynamic, adaptive, and learner-centered instructional approach that facilitates progression through Van Hiele levels while accommodating diverse classroom contexts.
Examining Learner-Centered Modes of Assessment: Perspectives from the 2014 South Sudan National Curriculum Framework
(American Journal of Education and Practice, 2026) Kilonga, Rose Hezekiah Jonathan; Kemeza, Imelda; Mwesgwa, Alice
Purpose: To explore learner-centered modes of assessment employed in 15 randomly selected public and private secondary schools within Juba City following the implementation of the competency-based curriculum. Methodology: The study employed a mixed methods convergent parallel design. A total of 225 teachers were randomly selected to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Interviews were conducted with 16 teachers, 13 head teachers, and three officials from the National Examination Council (NEC) in the Ministry of General Education and Instruction (MoGEI), while focus group discussions involved 42 science and humanities teachers. Participants for the interviews and focus group discussions were purposively selected. The questionnaire attained a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.88, an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.916 for test-retest reliability, and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75 for internal consistency. Findings: Teachers employed various learner centered modes of assessment, primarily through formative assessment conducted continuously using questioning, class exercises, assignments/homework, and presentations to evaluate learners’ understanding of the topics taught. Summative assessment was administered through examinations, with final evaluations incorporating scores from both formative and summative assessments. However, traditional and individualistic assessment methods continued to dominate, with minimal application of authentic, process-oriented assessments. The findings further revealed that only a limited number of teachers had received training in learner-centered modes of assessment. Recommendations: The study recommended the application of the full range of formative assessment approaches, including the use of portfolios, as well as continuous professional development for teachers on learner-centered modes of assessment.
Long-Term Drought Variability in Southwestern Uganda: A Comparative Analysis of Ground and Satellite Rainfall Data for Mbarara
(East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, 2026) Mutabazi, Tom; Nuwagira, Upton; Habyarimana, Valence; Mubiru, David; Muheki, Priscilla; Kampire, Jackline; Ntegyerize, Yonah; Munyarugero, Emmanuel
This study analysed drought occurrence in Mbarara District using ground-based observations and satellite-derived rainfall estimates from the Climate Hazards Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data (for the period 1981–2024) and the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) datasets (1998–2023). A comparison between satellite-derived and in-situ rainfall data was performed using simple linear regression and error metrics, while seasonal trends were assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Theil-Sen methods. Results show that CHIRPS strongly agrees with ground-based observations (R2 ∼ 0.93, RMSE ≈ 32.6 mm, PBIAS = 6.5%), while CMORPH exhibited weaker agreement (R2 ∼ 0.47, RMSE ≈ 42.9 mm, PBIAS = −17.0%). Drought characterisation using the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) reveals distinct drought episodes experienced during 1984–1993, 1999–2004, 2009–2013, 2017, and 2022–2024. Analysis of seasonal rainfall variability shows a non-significant decrease in rainfall during the September-October November (SON) season. This study provides one of the longest station satellite-validated drought analyses for southwestern Uganda using CHIRPS data. The observed patterns and episodic drought events highlight a need to strengthen adaptive strategies in agriculture and water resource management to mitigate the socioeconomic impacts of drought in the region.
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal fern species used by communities bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve, Western Uganda.
(Tropical Medicine and Health, 2026) Nuwamanya, Herbert; Kagoro- Rugunda, Grace; Wangalwa, Raphael; Olet, Eunice Apio
Introduction Across the globe, traditional medicine, particularly herbal remedies, is a cornerstone of healthcare. While the medicinal uses of ferns are widely recognised globally, their therapeutic potential in Uganda remains significantly underexplored compared to higher plants. This limited research creates critical gap in our understanding of the medicinal capacities of ferns, leading to their neglect in drug development. The main aim of this study therefore was to document the medicinal fern species and their uses in communities bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve (KCFR). Methods An ethnobotanical survey was conducted for three months (October, November, and December), 2024 in twenty villages bordering Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve (KCFR) in Kyamuhunga. The study utilized a semi structured questionnaire and face to face interviews with 71 key informants to collect data on use of ferns in herbal medicine. The questionnaire data was analysed using various ethnobotanical indices, including Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Use Value (UV), Relative Importance (RI), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Results ARTICLE IN PRESS Six fern species were documented for use in herbal medicine by communities around KCFR, and Pteridium capense was the most cited species. The use value (UV) index was highest for P. capense (0.72). The informant consensus factor (ICF) was highest for musculoskeletal illnesses (1.00), and the fidelity level (FL) was highest for Hypolepis sparsisora for treating burns (100%). Fronds were the most used part of the ferns in herbal medicine (76.06%), and dermal (smearing and rubbing) was the most common route of administration (57.75%). . Conclusions Medicinal ferns are an important component of traditional herbal medicine in communities bordering KCFR. The study documented different medicinal fern species for treating various ailments in communities bordering KCFR. Pteridium capense was the most frequently cited species, used to treat various illnesses. These findings highlight the significant ethnobotanical knowledge of the local communities and suggest that further research into the pharmacological properties of these fern species, especially P. capense, is warranted. Further research should characterize and elucidate bioactive compounds responsible for such therapeutic values.
Contrasting patterns of trematode and host snail dispersal across clusters of tropical crater lakes
(Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2026-08-24) Hammoud, Cyril; Bocxlaer, Bert Van; Tumusiime, Julius; Verschuren, Dirk; Albrecht, Christian; Umba-Tolo, Casim; Huyse, Tine
Background Comparing the genetic diversity and population structure of parasites and their hosts can improve understanding of their respective methods of dispersal, demographic histories, and factors driving genetic differentia tion. In parasite taxa such as trematodes which have both intermediate and final hosts, comparative population-level analyses may also inform how each host influences gene flow among parasite populations. Here we aimed to assess how intermediate and final hosts influence trematode dispersal by examining the population genetic structure of the aquatic snail Bulinus tropicus and three trematodes that use it as intermediate host. Methods We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to simultaneously genotype populations of B. tropicus in two clusters of crater lakes in western Uganda (823 snails, 15 lakes) and three infecting trematode taxa (Petasiger sp., Echinoparyphium sp. and Plagiorchioidea sp.). For each taxon, we quantified genetic diversity in three mitochondrial markers and used analyses of molecular variance to test whether populations were genetically differentiated. Results Populations of B. tropicus were strongly genetically differentiated among individual crater lakes and lake clus ters (ΦST = 0.78), indicating limited inter-lake dispersal. Petasiger sp. haplotype diversity was on average twice as high as that of its intermediate snail host and did not display genetic structuring among lakes (ΦST = 0.01). This parasite can therefore overcome the dispersal barriers encountered by its snail host, likely facilitated by mobile avian hosts, result ing in a single ‘panmictic’ region-wide population. Contrastingly, Echinoparyphium trematodes displayed less genetic diversity and significant genetic differentiation among lakes (ΦST = 0.35), likely due to limited final host mobility. Finally, Plagiorchioidea sp. was restricted to five neighbouring lakes, and a single haplotype was identified in the 217 infected snails analysed, implying recent introduction into the crater lakes. Conclusions Contrasting patterns of genetic diversity and population structure among three parasitic trematodes and their common intermediate snail host illustrate how multi-host life cycles mediate dispersal dynamics and gen erate distinct evolutionary outcomes in hydrographically fragmented aquatic habitats. These findings demonstrate how multi-host life cycles shape parasite connectivity and evolution, and show that comparative population genetics can provide valuable insights into the dispersal ecology of understudied parasite species.
Artificial intelligence-based enhancement of mammography interpretation for early breast cancer diagnosis.
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-09) Debrah, Ebenezer Lartey
Breast cancer is a major global health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Projections show annual cases will surpass 3 million by 2040, underscoring the urgent need for accurate and accessible diagnostic tools. Although mammography is the most common screening method, its accuracy can be compromised by issues such as tissue superposition and interpreter variability, especially in low-resource settings. "This study developed artificial intelligence-based algorithms to enhance early and accurate breast cancer detection from mammograms. A mixed-method approach was adopted, beginning with a systematic literature review to identify state-of-the-art AI techniques in breast cancer diagnosis. Based on these insights, several deep learning-based algorithms were designed and developed to enhance mammogram quality and support diagnostic classification. The models were trained and evaluated using publicly available mammography datasets. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements in classification and visualization. Enhanced VGG19 achieved strong sensitivity for malignant case detection, the Cycle GAN framework produced state-of-the-art classification performance with high accuracy and AUC, and Mammogan•14 delivered near-perfect diagnostic accuracy of 0.9849, sensitivity' Of 0.9717, specificity of 1.000, and an AUC of 0.9985. Collectively, all models offered clinically feasible inference times, making them suitable for real-world applications. In conclusion, this research bridges the gap between AI innovation and clinical practice, particularly in settings with limited resources. Future work should focus on hybrid approaches that integrate deep learning with traditional machine learning techniques to strengthen robustness, improve interpretability, and ensure trustworthy deployment in clinical environments.
Association between total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio and Probable dementia among older people: A cross-sectional study in Southwestern Uganda
(Aging and Health Research, 2026-10-23) Ishimwe, Dianah; Bagenda, Charles Nkubi; Tushemerirwe, Ruth; Namugangu, Jacinta; Mungufeni, Rogers; Unzima, Patrick; Ssemwanga, Elastus; Nantongo, Carol; Mugisa, Michael Junior; Mudondo, Hope; Ampaire, Lucas; Muwanguzi, Enoch; Abaasa, Catherine; Ojuko, Samuel; Sempijja, Fred; Oyuru, Amos; Musinguzi, Benson; Akiteng, Winnie; Osuwat, Lawrence Obado; Rugera, Simon Peter; Tusubira, Deusdedit
Background: Dementia is a condition characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities that exceeds what could normally be anticipated due to the natural process of ageing. This study assessed the association of serum lipoproteins with probable dementia among older people in Rukiga District, South-western Uganda. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study in Rukiga District, South-western Uganda. The study was conducted from February 15, 2025 to March, 29, 2025 among 272 individuals 60 years of age and above who were selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire supplemented with information from participant’s medical records and a brief community screening instrument for dementia. Anthropometric measurements were taken and a blood sample was drawn for laboratory measurement of serum lipoproteins. Results: Of 272 participants, 45 (16.5%) had probable dementia. Participants with probable dementia had significantly higher total cholesterol levels (median: 172 mg/dL, IQR: 140–199) compared to those without probable dementia (156 mg/dL, IQR: 134–183, p=0.019). In multivariable analysis, total cholesterol to HDL- cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.25, p=0.027), age;(aOR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.16–1.39 ratio was significantly associated with probable dementia. Conclusions: Probable dementia was relatively common among community-dwelling older adults in Southwestern Uganda. TC/HDL-C ratio, advancing age, and low physical activity levels are potentially associated with probable dementia. We recommend future studies incorporating standardized clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia to confirm these findings.