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Recent Submissions

A deep learning model for early prediction and diagnosis of late blight disease in irish potatoes.
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-08) Turihohabwe, Jack
Introduction: According to the Centre International potato, the Irish potato is a popular crop in Uganda with a great value for income generation and improving nutrition. The Ugandan government has declared the Irish potato a key crop for the country. Despite Irish potatoes being a key crop in Uganda, diseases are a challenge in their growth, growth most especially the late blight disease. Problem: Late blight of Irish potato disease causes 60 percent damage to Irish potatoes and this has affected the production of Irish potatoes in Uganda due to misdiagnosis and inaccurate prediction of the disease. AI models have been providing significant results ill the improvement of disease prediction and diagnosis but Datasets of an African Origin and Uganda in particular still remain a challenge. The main objective: T110 main objective of this research is to develop a deep learning model powered mini pathogen Laboratory to improve early prediction and accurate diagnosis of late blight disease in Irish potatoes in Kigezi-Uganda. Methodology: The methodology used in this study was Design Science methodology and Artificial Intelligence approaches for model development. This achieved development of a deep learning model powered Irish potato Mini Pathogen lab. Results: This application achieved a lot of success in its evaluation with minimum accuracy of 94% and maximum accuracy ranging from 98% to 100% thus contributing to bridging the accuracy gap of East Africa which 6.5% to 7% by closing it by 5.5% and closing in to the global accuracy of 99.56% On particular experiments. Conclusion: The deep learning model powered Irish potato Mini Pathogen lab helped extension workers to conveniently and cheaply carryout experiments on late blight dis- ease early prediction and accurate diagnosis. Future works: Future research should be done in further crop science to experiment with the model and give specific recommended on specific herbicides to treat late blight. late and specific predict ion on spraying schedules. More investigation should be done in unleashing the black-box to make future models more explainable.
Red blood cell alloantibodies in transfused patients with haematological malignancies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital and the Uganda Cancer Institute: Prevalence, specificities and associated factors
(Vox Sanguinis, 2026) Taremwa, Ivan Mugisha; Niyonzima, Nixon; Ashaba, Scholastic; Kemigisha, Elizabeth; Tusubira, Deusdedit; Okongo, Benson; Nambozi, Grace; Choi, May Y.; Jenne, Craig N.; Marle, Guido van; Natukunda, Bernard
Background and Objectives: Patients with haematological malignancies often require blood transfusion support. Multiple allogeneic blood transfusions may result in alloimmunization, complicating future transfusions. This study determined alloantibody prevalence, specificities and factors associated with the presence of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies among transfused patients with haematological malignancies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) and the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among patients with haematological malignancies who had been multiply transfused and were seeking cancer care at MRRH and the UCI, in Uganda. Patient plasma was screened for the presence of RBC alloantibodies using haemagglutination testing with a 3-cell commercial reagent RBC and antibody identification with 11-cell antibody panels. Results: A total of 427 patients with a median age of 36 (inter-quartile range: 26 56 years) were investigated. Twenty-five participants (5.9%) possessed RBC alloantibodies whose specificities were as follows: anti-C, two; anti-D, four; anti-E, six; anti-K, four; and anti-c, anti-Fya, anti-Jka, anti-Lea and anti-M, one each. Four patients possessed pan-reactive antibodies. Patients with chronic cancer (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–7.21), leukaemia (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.81–4.03), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.69–5.11), antibiotic use (AOR = 5.08, 95% CI: 2.11–7.41) and a history of ≥5 transfusions were significantly associated with RBC alloimmunization (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: RBC alloimmunization prevalence was 5.9% and associated with clinical and transfusion-related factors. Alloantibodies to Rh, Kell, MNS, Duffy, Kidd and Lewis blood group systems were detected, underscoring the need for improved pre transfusion testing in Uganda.
Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Hippocampal SRPX2 Expression and Reactive Astrocytosis in an Acrolein-Induced Alzheimer’s-Like Rat Model
(Cureus, 2026-11-04) Kamoga, Ronald; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Kalungi, Samuel; Obungoloch, Johnes; Tayebwa, Amon; Nakidde, Gladys; Obua, Celestino; Ihunwo, Amadi O.
Introduction Acrolein, a highly reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation, is elevated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and has been shown to induce AD-like synaptic and cognitive deficits in experimental models. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a noninvasive neuromodulatory intervention with potential cognitive and anti-inflammatory effects. Sushi repeat-containing protein X-linked 2 (SRPX2) is a neuronal complement inhibitor that contributes to synaptic protection by limiting complement mediated synapse elimination. However, the regulation of SRPX2 in acrolein-induced AD-like pathology and its modulation by taVNS remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of taVNS on hippocampal SRPX2 expression and reactive astrocytosis in an acrolein-induced AD-like rat model. Methods Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly assigned to an acrolein-exposed cohort (n = 21) or a non-exposed control group (n = 7). Acrolein-exposed rats were further divided into three groups: acrolein-only, sham stimulation of the greater auricular nerve, and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) of the auricular branch (n = 7 per group). Acrolein was administered by oral gavage at 2.5 mg/kg/day for eight weeks. Sham stimulation and taVNS were subsequently administered for four weeks at 25 Hz, 0.8 mA, and one hour/day. Hippocampal SRPX2 gene expression was quantified using real-time PCR, while reactive astrocytosis was evaluated using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Results Acrolein exposure significantly increased hippocampal SRPX2 expression and GFAP-defined reactive astrocytosis compared with non-exposed controls. taVNS significantly reduced SRPX2 expression toward control levels (mean ± SD: 0.48 ± 0.17; p = 0.0075). In addition, taVNS reduced the density of GFAP-positive astrocytes and decreased GFAP staining intensity compared with the acrolein-only condition. Conclusions taVNS attenuated acrolein-induced AD-like hippocampal pathology, as evidenced by reduced SRPX2 expression and reactive astrocytosis. These findings suggest that taVNS may have therapeutic potential as a noninvasive neuromodulatory intervention targeting complement-related neuron-glia mechanisms in sporadic AD. Further studies are warranted to clarify the mechanistic relationship between SRPX2, complement signaling, astrocytic activation, and the neuroprotective effects of taVNS.
The Gendered Parenting Dynamics: A Qualitative Inquiry into Pre-Service Teachers' Academic Adjustment in South-western Uganda
(East African Journal of Education Studies, 2026) Atuhaire, Rosemary; Rukundo, Aloysius; Kibanja, Grace Milly
This study explores the influence of gendered parenting dynamics on the academic adjustment of pre-service teachers in South-western Uganda. A qualitative design utilising secondary thematic analysis was employed, drawing from focus group discussions with 44 pre-service teachers and interviews with 28 parents and 8 university administrators. The findings reveal a complex interplay of familial and institutional factors. Authoritarian parenting, sharply divided along gendered lines with fathers as distant disciplinarians, often hindered the development of student autonomy. This was compounded by experiences of neglect and financial hardship, which paradoxically served as both a significant barrier to performance and a powerful motivator for "academic proving." Furthermore, students faced systemic institutional challenges like poor timetabling. Despite these obstacles, students demonstrated agency through peer support and skill development. The study concludes that academic adjustment in this context is a negotiation between entrenched familial patterns, socioeconomic pressures, and institutional barriers. It necessitates a multi-stakeholder, ecosystem approach. Recommendations include parental sensitisation, pedagogical reforms, enhanced student counselling, and government action to foster a more supportive educational ecosystem for pre-service teachers.
Vegetation for soil stabilization under climate change
(Elsevier, 2026) Niyomukiza, John Bosco; Kiwanuka, Moses; Mutanda, Hosea Eridadi; Tiboti, Paul
Climate change is anticipated to significantly influence environmental factors that contribute to soil erosion, including extreme weather events such as unpredictable rainfall and temperature fluctuations. Shifts in global climate patterns are expected to alter rainfall regimes, leading to more frequent occurrences of rainfall-induced slope failures and soil erosion. Soil is an intricate system at the intersection of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, which is essential for food production and a significant factor in sustain ability through its support of important societal and ecosystem services
Exploring differences in academic motivation of secondary school students using and not using psychoactive substances in Buhweju District, Uganda
(African Journal of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2026) Asasira, Yobu; Rukundo, Aloysius
Motivation happens to be one of the most important aspects that help students achieve their academic goals. However, certain maladaptive behaviours, like psychoactive substance use, can potentially dilute its achievements. The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in motivation among students who use psychoactive substances and those who do not. A cross-sectional design was employed involving 350 secondary school students from eight randomly and purposively selected schools in Buhweju District. Data was collected using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire, processed and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS, V. 27). The analytical strategy used t-tests of independent samples. There was no statistically significant differences in intrinsic academic motivation between the psychoactive drug use group, (M = 46.3, SD = 6.2) and the non-psychoactive drug using group (M = 45.7, SD = 7.1), t (343) = 0.8, p = 0.420. Similarly, there was no statistically significant differences in extrinsic academic motivation between the psychoactive drug use group, (M = 34.7, SD = 4.4) and the non-psychoactive drug using (M = 34.9, SD = 4.0), t (343) = -0.293, p = 0.770. However, respondents who reported psychoactive drug use had significantly higher levels of amotivation (M = 37.0, SD = 6.3) compared to those who did not (M = 34.7, SD = 6.8), t (343 ) = 3.28, p = 0.001. Both Intrinsic and extrinsic academic motivation did not differ significantly between secondary school students who engage in psychoactive drug use and those who do not. Students who engage in psychoactive drug use exhibited higher levels of amotivation compared to nonpsycho active drug users. Schools should develop motivational enhancement programs to support students with higher amotivation levels and reduce their likelihood of turning to psychoactive drug use and strengthening teacher-parent collaboration to ensure early identification and support for the amotivation at-risk students.
Teachers' preparedness and attitudes in the implementation of the lower secondary school compeitnce-based curriculum in Rukungiri district, Uganda
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2025-09) Kachope, Gladyce
Uganda's lower-secondary Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) requires teachers to redesign lesson delivery, assessment, and classroom facilitation. In rural districts, implementation appears uneven. This study examined teachers' preparedness, attitudes, and implementation effectiveness, tested group differences (gender, sector, education), and assessed whether attitudes mediate the preparedness—implementation link. A pragmatic, convergent mixed-methods design was used in 13 schools (Rukungiri District). Quantitative data were collected from N — 233 teachers using 12-item Likert (1—5) scales per construct (Preparedness, Attitudes, and Implementation). Reliability was high (a:Preparedness.913; Attitudes — .846; Implementation — .881). Parametric analyses (t tests/ANOVA, Pearson r) and PROCESS Model 4 mediation (bootstrap CIS) were applied. Qualitative data (interviews with 13 head teachers; two FGDs with student leaders) underwent inductive thematic analysis. Ethical approvals and informed consent were obtained. Preparedness subscales centered near the midpoint with dispersion: Knowledge & Understanding (M = 3.0472, SD = l. 1345), Instructional Design (M = 3.0494, SD = 1.1299), Classroom Practice (M = 3.0418, SD = 1.1286). Attitudes were similarly neutral on average (TA total: M = 3.0071, SD = 0.8858), with subscale means: Perceptions (M = 2.9989, SD = 0.9808), Professional Motivation (M 3.0193, SD = I .0564), Change Orientation (M = 3.0032, SD = I .0031). Implementation was visible but inconsistent (El total: M = 3.0182, SD = 0.9593); the Assessment & Feedback strand showed the greatest variability. Bivariate associations were moderate and positive: TP—TA r = .615, TP—EI r — .507, TA—EI r — .585 (all p < .001). Group comparisons showed no significant differences by gender or employment sector for attitudes or implementation; education level showed small attitude differences (TA total: = 3.723, p = .026; Change Orientation: = 4.536, p = *012; Tukey: Master's > Diploma). Mediation indicated a significant indirect effect of preparedness on implementation via attitudes (partial mediation; direct effect remained positive). CBC uptake is present but uneven. The teachers exhibit foundational preparedness and constructive attitudes, yet implementation, especially competency-based assessment, remains fragile. Attitudes act as a hinge, transmitting a meaningful share of preparedness into everyday practice. At the System level, disseminate subject-specific exemplar/task banks, mini-rubrics, and one- page competency records; provide school-embedded coaching. At the school level, protect weekly co-planning huddles, build shared task/rubric banks, and run brief observe—feedback—refine cycles. At the classroom level, pair authentic tasks with 3—4-criterion mini-rubrics, use quick feedback routines, and maintain a one-page competency tracker. Future work should include classroom observations and longitudinal designs to link teacher routines with learner outcomes.
Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of Zanthoxylum leprieurii guill. & Perr. and Rubia cordifolia l and their interaction with conventional anti- tuberculosis drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2024-09) Mpeirwe, Moses
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health challenge and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. TB is preventable and curable. However, treatment of tuberculosis has continued to be difficult as a result of rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Medicinal plants have for centuries been traditionally used in treatment Of tuberculosis and similar ailments globally. They possess antimicrobial properties which render them a new hope as a source of novel bioactive leads in the development of antimycobacterial agents. Additionally, despite the increasing acceptance of medicinal plant use in combination with conventional antituberculosis drugs in treatment Of tuberculosis (TB) in Uganda, there is paucity or knowledge On their combination effect. Methods: Two plant species commonly used traditionally for the treatment Of tuberculosis in Uganda, Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill- & perr. and Rubia cordifolia L. were screened for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains; pan sensitive MTB H37Rv, Rifampicin resistant TMC 331 strain and two wild strains (one rifampicin resistant and another one rifampicin susceptible). Antimycobacterial activity of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic plant extracts was determined using Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA). We also determined the combination activity of both medicinal plant extracts at varying concentrations and standard antituberculosis drugs against H37Rv and MDR (TMC 331) strains. cytotoxic effect of the active plant extracts was determined against the mouse BALB/C monocyte-macrophage (J774.2) cells using Microculture Tetrazolium (MIT) assay. Results: Both plant extracts exhibited significant in vitro antimycobacterial activity against all MTB strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of methanolic crude extracts of both plants ranged from 23.4gg/mL to 187.5gg/mL. Comparatively, methanol extracts of both plants possessed superior antimycobacterial activity against all the strains. Drug-extract combinations showed good combination activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains when compared with individual Standard anti-TB drugs especially against MDR-MTB strain. All extracts exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxicity against J774.2 mouse macrophage monocyte cell line in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that both plants exhibited activity against susceptible and resistant strains Of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While antimycobacterial activity Of Z leprieurii confirms results from previous studies, activity of the extracts Of R. cordifolia is reported for the first time in East Africa. Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Rubia cordifolia in combination with standard anti-TB drugs exhibited increased in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis especially MI)R-MTB strain. This verifies the local use of these plants in traditional treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda.
High Rates of Atrial Fibrillation among Inpatients with Heart Failure or Ischemic Stroke in Southwestern Uganda
(Annals of Global Health, 2026) Olds, Peter K.; Twesigye, Precious; Nakawesa, Lydia; Kasomba, Ivan; Haberer, Jessica E.; Fardous, Abeya
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects over 37 million people worldwide, and its prevalence is projected to increase by 60% by 2050. Addressing AF is critical in Uganda and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, where data are lacking despite the high prevalence of AF risk factors, comorbidities, and sequelae. Objectives: To evaluate AF prevalence among inpatients with acute heart failure or acute ischemic stroke in Uganda. Methods: Between November 4, 2024 and November 30, 2025, we recruited a cohort of inpatients at the Regional Referral Hospital in Mbarara, Uganda with either acute heart failure or acute ischemic stroke. We collected baseline clinical data and hospital outcomes, performed a transthoracic echocardiogram, and equipped participants with a 24-hour Holter monitor. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted for a primary outcome of AF detection. Results: Among 250 individuals, mean age was 61.7 years (SD 20.5), of whom 175 (70.0%) were women. 123 (49.2%) had acute heart failure; 127 (50.8%) had acute ischemic stroke. Holter monitors detected AF in 105 (42.0%), with a mean AF duration of 11.0 hours (IQR 1.0–21.9) with a bimodal distribution. Mean stroke risk (CHA2 DS2 VA) was 3.5 (SD 1.6). Factors associated with AF included increasing age in years (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06) and left atrial volume index (mL/m2) (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03). Conclusions: We found high rates of AF among inpatients with acute heart failure or acute ischemic stroke, comparable to studies from the United States and Europe. These findings highlight the need to address AF in Uganda, with improved screening using long-term monitors, updated treatment protocols, and broadened access to cardiac care.
Facilitators and Barriers to Discharge Education for Puerperal Sepsis Prevention After Caesarean Section: A Qualitative Study at a Tertiary Health Facility in Southwestern Uganda
(International Journal of Women's Health, 2026-10-28) Luwaga, Rachel; Ngonzi, Joseph; Bajunirwe, Francis; Shindell, Deborah
Introduction: Maternal mortality remains a major global health concern, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. Puerperal sepsis remains an important contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, with caesarean delivery increasing women’s risk of infection. As caesarean deliveries increase, strengthening strategies to prevent puerperal sepsis throughout the continuum of care is increasingly important. Although prevention efforts have focused largely on antenatal and intrapartum care, post- discharge self-care and education remain insufficiently emphasized. Evidence from Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital indicates gaps in women’s knowledge and practices regarding post-caesarean self-care, highlighting the need for effective discharge education to support prevention, early recognition, and timely care-seeking for puerperal sepsis. However, the effectiveness of discharge education depends not only on the information provided but also on healthcare providers’ ability and willingness to deliver it within the available health-system environment. The COM-B framework provides a useful lens for understanding these influences by examining providers’ capability, opportunities within the health system, and motivation to deliver discharge education. Understanding these factors is therefore important for identifying barriers and facilitators that can be addressed to strengthen puerperal sepsis prevention after discharge. The study aimed to explore the facilitators and barriers to the provision of discharge education for puerperal sepsis prevention following caesarean delivery. Methods: This study employed an exploratory qualitative design at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. A total of 12 healthcare providers, comprising six senior house officers and six midwives, were purposively selected, provided informed consent, and participated in in-depth interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted by systematically coding statements from the transcripts, organizing similar codes into subthemes, and subsequently synthesizing the subthemes into overarching themes. Results: Twelve healthcare providers (six midwives and six senior house officers) participated in the study. Under Capability, knowledge, clinical experience, and awareness of puerperal sepsis and its prevention facilitated discharge education. Opportunity was facilitated by the availability of discharge forms and opportunities to provide education, but barriers included limited post- caesarean-specific information, inconsistent timing and content of instructions, language barriers, inadequate staffing and time, fatigue, limited space and privacy, and gaps in coordination and teamwork. Under Motivation, professional commitment, passion for patient care, and awareness of the consequences of inadequate education facilitated discharge teaching, whereas patient disengagement, heavy workload, and other demotivating factors hindered it. Conclusion: Discharge education for puerperal sepsis prevention following caesarean section was influenced by interacting provider and health-system factors. While providers’ knowledge, experience, commitment, and available resources supported education, workload, staffing constraints, limited privacy and space, language and literacy barriers, inadequate post-caesarean materials, inconsistent timing, and gaps in teamwork constrained its consistent delivery. Strengthening discharge education therefore requires a multi-level approach that addresses both providers’ capability and motivation and the health-system opportunities needed to deliver effective education.
Living as citizens, governed as foreigners: recognition strategies and intergenerational invisibility among abavandimwe in Uganda
(Citizenship Studies, 2026-10-28) Nkiko, Cedric Marvin; Ahimbisibwe, Frank; Asasira, Justus
This article examines ‘unrecognised refugees’ through the experiences of second- and third-generation abavandimwe: people of Rwandan descent born and raised in Uganda to forebears who fled successive waves of violence in Rwanda from 1959 onwards and who remained outside formal recognition regimes across generations. Drawing on qualitative interviews with second- and third- generation abavandimwe, Ugandan host community members, and selected government officials, we analyse how belonging and exclusion are produced through everyday social relations and state documentation practices. Conceptually, the article distinguishes everyday recognition, expressed through local acceptance, schooling, work, and community ties, from juridical recognition, expressed through nationality law, identity documentation, and naturalisation procedures. The findings show that intergenerational invisibility is actively reproduced when administrative encounters deny nationality claims, even for individuals who have lived in Uganda their entire lives, including cases where parents are absent or deceased. Everyday recognition enables participation in social life, but its protections collapse during legal and bureaucratic verification, especially when seeking national identity cards, passports, or mobility. By theorising this invisibility as a structural gap between lived citizenship and juridical recognition, the article contributes to debates on citizenship, statelessness risk, and intergenerational displacement, with implications for protection and durable solutions in protracted displacement contexts.
Health facility readiness to provide quality emergency obstetric and newborn care in rural Uganda: a cross- sectional study
(BMJ Public Health, 2026) Turigye, Brian; Macharia, Peter M.; Mulogo, Edgar Mugema; Ngonzi, Joseph; Kanyesigye, Michael; Benova, Lenka
Introduction Despite efforts to improve maternal and newborn care services, maternal and newborn mortality in Uganda remains high. Over half of births occur in lower- level health facilities, where limited readiness and suboptimal quality of care may hinder the provision of emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC). This study aimed to assess health facility readiness to provide quality EmONC in Kasese and Bundibugyo districts, midwestern Uganda. Methods A cross- sectional survey was conducted in all 42 district- level public health facilities (health centre (HC) IIIs, HC IVs and general hospitals) offering childbirth services in Kasese and Bundibugyo districts. We used a facility assessment questionnaire based on the WHO’s Service Availability and Readiness Assessment and the Averting Maternal Death and Disability tool. Composite readiness scores were calculated across five domains (human resources, physical resources, referral, equipment and drugs and supplies) and signal functions by health facility level. HCIII facilities were considered Basic EmONC (BEmONC), while HC IVs and general hospitals were considered comprehensive EmONC (CEmONC) facilities. Results The overall mean availability of expected signal functions was 42.3%, and overall readiness was 53.3%. These were lowest in HCIIIs. The least provided CEmONC signal function was blood transfusion, available in 83.3% (n=5) of the CEmONC- designated facilities, and assisted vaginal delivery was the most frequently missing BEmONC signal function, with no facilities reporting its provision. Staffing and training were most available at 70.6%, while physical resources (44%) and functional referral system (44.7%) were least available. Conclusions EmONC signal function availability and overall readiness were suboptimal, particularly at HC IIIs. Strengthening the capacity and readiness of HC IIIs, improving essential resources and enhancing referral systems should be prioritised to improve access to quality EmONC.
Agronomic Practices, Favored Traits and Constraints of Cocoyam Production in the Southwestern Highlands Agro ecological Zone of Uganda
(International Journal of Agronomy, 2026) Baguma, Deus Bagambana; Nakintu, Justine; Kagoro-Rugunda, Grace
Although often neglected in agricultural research and development, Cocoyam (Xanthosomasagittifolium) possesses considerable potential to improve household food and nutrition security while strengthening the resilience of small holder farming systems. However, empirical evidence on farmers’ production practices, preferred production traits, and production constraints remains limited in Uganda. This study assessed production practices, preferred production traits, and production constraints among cocoyam farmers in the Southwestern Highlands Agro ecological Zone of Uganda. Across sectional survey involving 317 cocoyam farmers was conducted in Kabale and Kanungu districts using a multi stage sampling approach. Data were collected using semi structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square tests and binary logistic regression. Cocoyam was predominantly cultivated in mixed cropping systems, mainly intercropped with banana, beans, and coffee under low-input smallholder agriculture. Suckers were the most preferred planting material, although farmers relied primarily on their own gardens and farmer-to-farmer exchange, highlighting the dominance of informal seed systems. Preference for large planting materials reduced the likelihood of selecting suckers (AOR=0.09, 95%CI:0.03–0.29) but increased the likelihood of selecting headsets (AOR=3.29,95%CI:1.45–7.51). Production practices difered significantly between the two agro ecological zones, with Kanungu characterized by greater use of wetlands, dry-season planting, ridge and line planting, mono cropping and corms and cormelsas planting materials, whereas Kabale exhibited greater fertilizer use, mixed cropping, and reliance on suckers. Larger cocoyam land size increased the likelihood of intercropping with coffee (AOR=3.82,95%CI: 2.15–6.78) but reduced the likelihood of intercropping with beans (AOR=0.36,95%CI:0.21–0.61). Pest and disease incidence was generally low, while piece meal harvesting and prolonged in-soil storage after maturity reflected the crop’s importance as a living food reserve. Farmers prioritized drought tolerance, intercropping suitability, extended field longevity, and tolerance to poor soils as the most desirable production traits. The principal constraints were land shortage, lack of improved varieties, and limited access to quality planting materials, declining soil fertility, and inadequate extension services. This study provides the first comprehensive empirical assessment of cocoyam production systems across contrasting agro ecological environments in southwestern Uganda. The findings demonstrate that cocoyam is well adapted to diversified, low-input farming systems but that its productivity is constrained by a weak seed and extension systems and limited varietal improvement. The results provide evidence to guide farmer-oriented breeding, formal seed system development, and extension interventions aimed at improving cocoyam productivity and resilience in smallholder farming systems.
Womens’ experience on barriers and facilitators for implementation with Kangaroo Mother Care at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda: a qualitative study
(Global Health Action, 2026-10-01) Santorino, Data; Svensson, Tilda; Tushemereirwe, Patricia; Kreyenbaum, Lea; Ashish, KC
Background: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a proven cost-effective intervention for preterm and low-birth-weight infants, to provide warmth and secondary health effects. In Uganda, despite a high burden of prematurity, resource constraints limit the delivery of cost-effective interventions. Objective(s): This study aimed to identify barriers and enablers for implementing KMC, explore mothers’ experience of KMC and apply the-i-PARIHS framework to understand why implementation was, or was not, successful at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Methods: This study was conducted in a rural referral hospital in Uganda with semi-structured interviews with mothers (n = 14) in the KMC ward. Interviews were then translated into English, and the transcripts were subjected to qualitative content analysis using inductive coding. Each code was further grouped into subcategories corresponding to barriers or facilitators. The results were interpreted using the-i-PARIHS framework to evaluate why treatment implementation was or was not successful. Results: Kangaroo Mother Care was found to be largely acceptable and implemented by most participants. Barriers and facilitators were identified within the areas of i) healthcare system, social support, finances, knowledge and beliefs as well as the health of newborns and motivation. Primary barriers included insufficient healthcare facilities, lack of material resources, lack of education on KMC, and lack of adaptation to twins. Facilitators included supportive healthcare staff, learning tools, and the positive effects of KMC as motivation. Conclusions: Barriers and facilitators for Kangaroo Mother Care are multifaceted. To increase implementation for all patients, targeted interventions may need to reach beyond the hospital, addressing social and financial factors.
Multi country training to strengthen leadership among administrative staff of research ethics committees and national regulatory bodies in the East African Community
(BMC Medical Education, 2026-09-28) Byakika-Kibwika, Pauline; Amperiize, Mathius; Twesigye, Belinda; Mutumba, Beth; Opolot, Hellen; Gardais, Soazic; Wandiga, Steve; Ndagije, Helen; Kidola, Jeremiah; Mutabazi, Vincent; Nyandwi, Ramadhan; Mathew, Lina S.; Twungubumwe, Novat; Castelnuovo, Barbara; Arinaitwe, Joseph Walter; Okoboi, Stephen; Ainembabazi, Provia; Sebuyira, Lydia Mpanga
Background Clinical research in the East African Community (EAC) has expanded significantly in response to epidemics, increasing the complexity and workload. Research ethics committee (REC) and National research regulatory (NRA) members involved in leadership and administrative work play a vital role in managing daily operations, yet often lack adequate training and support in this area. Earlier capacity building efforts have largely overlooked these unique responsibilities. The training program aimed to strengthen the participant’s personal effectiveness and leadership skills (PELS). This study evaluated the early effectiveness of PELS by assessing changes in participants’ knowledge scores and exploring participants’ perceptions of applying the acquired skills in their work. Methods A four-month blended training program was implemented from March 2024 to March 2025 in six EAC partner states, namely, the Republics of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. We engaged stakeholders to inform curriculum development. Forty stakeholders from the six EAC partner states informed curriculum revision, and an eight-member Training Advisory Committee (TAC) reviewed and approved the revised curriculum. Participants were evaluated using pre- and post -training assessments. Data from the training assessments were downloaded as a Comma Separated Value (CSV) file, cleaned in Microsoft Excel, and exported to STATA 15 for analysis. We performed descriptive analyses and presented findings using percentages and frequencies. Paired t-tests were conducted to assess the significance of pre-test and post-test differences in knowledge scores, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Participant feedback was collected during and after the training and analysed qualitatively using conventional content analysis identify recurring themes. Results One hundred twenty-nine (129) participants from six partner states participated in the training. Of these, 50.4% were females. Uganda had the highest participation (31.8%), while Tanzania had the lowest (10.1%). The overall mean score for foundational knowledge rose from 63.7% at pre-test to 84.4% at post-test, representing a 20.7% -point improvement. In addition, participant qualitative feedback revealed three key themes: ethical leadership and conflict management, teamwork and client service, and self-management and initiative. Conclusions The multi-country PELS training programme was associated with substantial improvement in participants’ foundational knowledge scores, with participant feedback also indicating perceived application of leadership, communication, conflict management, customer service, and self-management skills in the workplace. These findings suggest that a stakeholder-informed blended training approach can provide useful early capacity strengthening for personnel supporting research ethics and regulatory administration in the EAC. Continued institutional support, refresher training, and longer-term evaluation will be important to determine whether these early gains are sustained and translate into improvements in routine research administration.
Incidence and Predictors of Hyperglycemia Among Adults Receiving Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital HIV Clinic, Uganda: A Retrospective Cohort Study
(HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care, 2026-10-01) Arinaitwe, Medard; Mwesigwa, Geoffrey; Asiimwe, Derrick; Ikiriza, Anthony; Muyindike, Winnie R.; Asiimwe, Stephen
Background: Dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral therapy is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa, but routine-care evidence on incident hyperglycemia after DTG initiation or substitution remains limited in southwestern Uganda. Purpose: To determine the incidence and predictors of documented hyperglycemia among adults receiving DTG-based antiretroviral therapy at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using routine clinical records of adults who initiated or switched to DTG-based ART between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2023. Documented incident hyperglycemia was defined as fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or random glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L with documented classic symptoms. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs); age was modeled per 10-year increase. The proportional-hazards assumption was assessed using Schoenfeld residuals. Results: Of 8,859 adults in the descriptive cohort, 8,856 contributed positive follow-up time. Seventy-four documented hyperglycemia events occurred over 29,157.74 person-years, an incidence rate of 2.54 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI 1.99–3.19). The smoothed hazard increased after DTG initiation/substitution, peaked at approximately 1.1 years, and declined thereafter. Higher hazard was associated with older age (per 10 years: aHR 1.70, 95% CI 1.33–2.18), prior thymidine analogue NRTI exposure (aHR 3.27, 95% CI 1.20–8.89), and ≥15 years of ART before DTG (aHR 5.63, 95% CI 1.39–22.77). The global proportional-hazards test was not significant (p=0.70). Conclusion: Documented hyperglycemia was uncommon but was associated with older age and markers of long-term ART exposure. Risk-stratified glucose monitoring should be considered, particularly during the first year after DTG initiation/substitution and among higher-risk patients.
Impact of maternal anemia on neonatal outcomes: low birth weight and neonatal anemia in Uganda
(Journal of Hematology and Allied Sciences., 2026-09-24) Okongo, Benson; Amoding, Martha; Ndawula, Joachim; Hajusu, Bright; Morunyang, Isaac; Lakwera, Christopher; Muwanguzi, Enoch; Wagubi, Robert; John, Elizabeth A.; Clinton,, Olong
Objectives: e Objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of anemia among women in their third trimester of pregnancy and establish its association with neonatal outcomes at Soroti Regional Referral hospital (SRRH). Material and Methods: is prospective cohort study enrolled 324 women in their third trimester at SRRH (June August 2025). Data on maternal and neonatal characteristics were collected via structured questionnaires and medical record review. Maternal venous blood and umbilical cord blood were collected at delivery and analyzed for hemoglobin using an automated hematology analyzer. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin < 0.001), and cesarean section (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.63–4.88, p < 0.001), which we conceptualize as an intermediate intervention-related event rather than a direct neonatal outcome. Conclusion: e findings demonstrate a high burden of maternal anemia, with a prevalence of 32.7%, and it is strongly associated with LBW and neonatal anemia. e association with cesarean section suggests that anemia may contribute to intrapartum complications requiring operative intervention. ese findings underscore the need for integrated screening, prevention, and management strategies to mitigate perinatal morbidity
Conversational themes and interaction patterns in peer support for adolescents and young people living with HIV: scoping review protocol
(Systematic Reviews, 2026-09-29) Kintu, Timothy Mwanje; Kyagambiddwa, Tonny; Ford, Stephanie Friree; Ngabirano, Derek; Haberer, Jessica E.; Jjingo, Daudi; Bebell, Lisa M.
Background Peer support for adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYPLHIV) has demonstrated effectiveness in improving clinical and psychosocial outcomes. However, the specific conversational content and interaction patterns that underpin successful peer support remain poorly characterized, limiting the evidence base for designing digital health tools and training curricula. This scoping review aims to systematically map the breadth and nature of documented conversational themes, topics, and interaction patterns in peer support programs for AYPLHIV aged 15–24 years. Methods The review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Databases to be searched include MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE.com, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Sources will include qualitative studies, mixed-methods studies, process evaluations, training curricula, and program guidelines that describe or document the content of peer support conversations for AYPLHIV. No restrictions will be placed on geographic location, setting, or modality. The review will include literature published from 2015 to the present. Seven independent reviewers will screen titles/abstracts and full texts using Covidence. Data will be extracted using a standardized form and synthesized through descriptive mapping, inductive thematic development, and alignment analysis comparing intentional (curricula-based) and experiential (empirically observed) content. Discussion This scoping review will produce a map of conversational themes, topics, and interaction patterns documented in peer support for AYPLHIV globally. Findings will provide an evidence-based content framework for organizations revising peer support training and for developers designing digital tools such as chatbots and online peer communities for this population
Association of Helicobacter pylori Coinfection With Tuberculosis Disease Severity and Treatment Outcomes
(Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2026) Baluku, Joseph Baruch; Ichumar, Mary Magdalen; Zawedde, Daphine; Nabwana, Martin; Nanyanzi, Diana; Wanda, Harriet Yvonne; Namiiro, Sharon; Namanda, Brenda; Nabawanuka, Eva; Kikomeko, Sharif; Mutesi, Judith; Kansiime, Grace; Nuwagira, Edwin; Kraef, Christian; Rhein, Joshua; Seremba, Emmanuel; Munabi, Ian G.; Kiguli, Sarah
Background: Helicobacter pylori (HP) has immunomodulatory properties, but its relationship with tuberculosis (TB) severity and outcomes remains uncertain. We evaluated the association between HP infection and TB severity and explored factors associated with HP coinfection and TB treatment outcomes. Methods: We enrolled adults (≥18years) with drug-sensitive, newly diagnosed, bacteriologically confrmed pulmonary TB from two public clinics in Uganda. HP infection was determined using stool antigen testing. Severe TB was defned as GeneXpert cycle threshold < 16 or smear grade 3þ (microbiological), Bandim TB score ≥8 (clinical), and chest X-ray Timika score >71 (radio logical). Treatment outcomes were determined ≥7months after treatment initiation. Results: Among 200 participants, 67 (33.5%) were HP positive. Severe radiological TB was more frequent among HP positive participants (34.8% vs. 22.1%, p = 0.060). Severe clinical (14.9% vs. 11.3%, p = 0.549) and microbiological TB(40.0% vs. 33.8%, p = 0.856) were also more frequent in HP. HP was not signifcantly associated with severe radiological (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.56; 95% CI 0.96–2.53, p = 0.074), clinical (aPR 1.17; 95% CI 0.53–2.60, p = 0.694), or microbiological TB (aPR 1.14; 95% CI 0.80–1.63, p = 0.462). HP coinfection was independently associated with rural residence (aPR 1.61; 95%CI1.04–2.47,p = 0.031),anorexia(aPR1.72;95%CI1.01–2.90,p = 0.045),and lower diastolic blood pressure(aPR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96–1.00, p = 0.013). TB treatment success was similar among those with and without HP (95.5% vs. 95.5%, p =0.180). Conclusion: HP was not signifcantly associated with TB severity or outcomes, though a trend toward greater radiological severity warrants further investigation in larger, prospective studies.
Association of foxp3 and p16ink4a serum expression with grades and treatment outcomes of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in south western Uganda.
(Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 2024-08) Ssedyabane, Frank
Abstract Background: Immunohistochemical expression of P16ink4A and FOXP3 is associated with increasing grades of cervical intraepithelial lesions. We determined the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions and associated factors, the association between serum biomarkers P16ink4A and FOXP3 concentrations and cervical intraepithelial lesions, and the diagnostic accuracy of serum biomarkers P16ink4A and FOXP3 in the detection of cervical intraepithelial lesions, and treatment outcomes among women attending the cervical cancer clinic at Mbarara Regional Hospital (MRRH), South Western Uganda. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study (n=364), two case control studies (n=270 and n=279) and a 12 months prospective cohort study (n=180). Participants included women seeking cervical cancer screening and testing services at the cervical cancer clinic of MRRH, from April 1 2022 to March 30, 2024. We collected clinical and demographic data, collected blood samples and measured serum P16ink4A and FOXP3 concentrations using quantitative ELISA kits from Elabscience Biotechnology. All Pap smears were microscopically examined by a laboratory scientist together with a pathologist following the Bethesda grading system (2014). All cases were confirmed with cytology and/or histology and statistical analyses were done in STATA version 17. Results: The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions was 6.6%. We observed increased odds of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) for P16ink4A and a significant reduction in odds of cervical cancer (CC) for serum P16ink4A. Also, increased FOXP3 concentrations increased the chances of CC by 2 times. FOXP3 concentration of >0.0545ng/ml showed moderate sensitis (12.22% and 57.78%) and specificity (68.89% and 68.89%) for detection of CIN and CC from healthy controls respectively. P16ink4A concentration of >0.946ng/ml showed moderate sensitivities (50.00% and 60.00%) and specificities (56.67% and 55.56%) for the detection of CIN and CC from healthy controls respectively. A combination of elevated FOXP3 and P16ink4A showed high specificity of 83.33%. The mean relative risk for follow-up serum FOXP3 among participants with persistent and progressed lesions was 1.34 and 27.82 respectively while that of P16ink4A among persistent and progressed lesions was 5.16 and 0.44 respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions was lower than global estimates. Serum P16ink4A and FOXP3 concentrations were observed to not only be associated with, but also highly specific for detection of cervical lesions and their persistence and progression. Quantitative measurement of circulating P16ink4A and FOXP3 may aid in diagnosis as well as prediction of persistence and progression of cervical lesions; and their combination has a high potential to be applied for diagnosis rather than screening for cervical lesions.