Correlating Histological Results and Total Serum Levels of the Prostate-Specifc Antigen Among Patients in Southwestern Uganda

Abstract

Background: Both healthy and malignant prostate tissues express the glycoprotein marker known as prostate-specifc antigen (PSA). When checking for prostate lesions, serum total PSA levels are a major factor. However, the exact levels to rely on are not explicit. Objective: To ascertain the relationship between histopathological fndings and serum levels of the PSA in patients in southwest Uganda. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 71 participants in southwestern Uganda from January to July 2023, who underwent histological examinations. Blood samples were taken off for total serum PSA level measurement. Stained formalin-fxed parafnembedded sections were examined. Histological results and PSA levels were correlated using Spearman’s correlation coefcient. Results: The study involved 74 participants with an average age of 74.20 ± 9.40 years and average Gleason score of 7.73 ± 1.04. Only 1/71 (1.41%) had prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), 36/71 (50.70%) had benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and 34/71 (47.89%) had prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC). A signifcant correlation was observed between PSA levels above 100 ng/mL (p = 0.001, rho = 0.5955) and prostate cancer and between PSA levels up to 20 ng/mL (p = 0.010, rho = 0.03033). AUC of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.77–0.94) showed good predictive power of the test. PSA optimal cut of was 103.4 ng/mL, at sensitivity of 68% and specifcity of 92% with maximum Youden index (J): 0.595. Conclusion: There was a signifcant correlation between BPH with PSA levels up to 20 ng/mL and above 100 ng/mL for prostate adenocarcinoma. In some of the cases, however, total serum PSA levels were high for BPH and low for prostate adenocarcinoma. PSA test usefulness cannot be nullifed, but its accuracy and specifcity have to be ascertained in order to increase its reliability. Future researches are argued to focus more on how to refne PSA-based diagnostics through identifying any underlying unknown hereditary factors and probably better biomarkers that could be infuencing PSA levels. With this, dependability increases and unnecessary biopsing reduces,thus alleviating anxiety in patients and probably their caregivers.