Fault–responsive hybrid analytical–simulation framework for electric power transmission performance monitoring

Abstract

Abstract—Continuous monitoring of electric power transmission systems I essential for maintaining reliable power transfer under increasingly dynamic operating conditions. Although analytical and simulation-based approaches have individually advanced transmission-system analysis, comparatively fewer studies have integrated their complementary strengths within a unified monitoring frame work. This paper proposes a fault-responsive hybrid analytical–simulation framework that combines distributed-parameter transmission-line modelling based on the ABCD parameter formulation with an equivalent π-model implemented in MATLAB/Simulink for continuous assessment of transmission-line performance. The frame work evaluates transmission efficiency, voltage regulation, and voltage-drop index under normal and abnormal operating conditions, including voltage overload low power factor, and balanced and unbalanced faults. Validation is performed against a benchmark distributed-parameter simulation using wave form comparison together with root mean square error (RMSE)and mean absolute error(MAE).The proposed hybrid framework consistently achieved the lowest prediction errors, reducing the average transmission-efficiency MAE from approximately 0.62% fortheanalyticalABCDmodeland0.05%forthe equivalent π-model toapproximately0.01%.Similarly,the average voltage-regulation MAE decreased from approximately 1.05% and0.65%toapproximately0.07%,whileaccurately reproducing transmission-line behavior during fault initiation, fault clearing, and post-fault recovery. These results demonstrate that integrating analytical modelling with dynamic simulation provides a practical, computationally efficient, and scalable frame work for continuous transmission-line performance monitoring and decision support.