Social Support, Food Insecurity, and HIV Stigma Among Men Living with HIV in Rural Southwestern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Abstract

Background: HIV stigma is one of the major barriers to HIV care due to the fear of disclosure and social discrimination. HIV stigma among men in sub-Saharan countries, including Uganda, has been linked to the fear about how HIV status might affect their status in society. HIV among men in sub-Saharan settings has been associated with feelings of shame, reduced self-worth, and self-blame for their HIV positive status. Information about HIV stigma and its associated factors among men living with HIV in rural Uganda is limited. This study assessed the burden of HIV stigma and its association with social support and food insecurity among men accessing HIV care at a rural health facility in southwestern Uganda. Methods: We conducted a clinic-based cross-sectional study and consecutively enrolled 252 adult men accessing HIV care at a rural health centre in southwestern Uganda. We collected information on sociodemographic information, HIV stigma, social support, and food insecurity. We fitted modified Poisson regression models to determine the associations between social support, food insecurity, and HIV stigma. Results: The mean HIV stigma score of the study participants was 70.08 (SD 19.34) and 75% reported food insecurity 5% of whom were severely food insecure. The risk of HIV stigma was lower among those aged 35 years and above (adjusted risk ratio [ARR]=0.89; 95% CI 0.83–0.96; P=0.003, those who had been on ART for more than 5 years (ARR=0.92; 95% CI=0.84–0.99; P=0.04), and those who had social support (ARR=0.99; 95% CI=0.98– 0.99; P=<0.001). Food insecurity was associated with an increased risk of HIV stigma (ARR=1.07; 95% CI 1.00–1.15; P=0.03). Social support moderated the effect of food insecurity on HIV stigma (P=0.45). Conclusion: Stigma is common among men living with HIV in rural Uganda and is significantly associated with food insecurity. Social support moderated the effect of severe food insecurity on HIV stigma among men living with HIV. Interventions to build social support systems and to economically empower men living with HIV should be incorporated into the mainstream HIV care clinics.